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Bridge is a good example of the industrial and technological level the United States had reached in just a few years. The first American iron bridge had appeared only ten years before. Dunlap’s Creek Bridge (1839) in Brownsville, Pennsylvania was a modest work which appeared late on the scene, when compared to the iron structures built in England from 1775 onwards (an example is the Iron bridge over the River Severn). The Wheeling Bridge was designed by Charles Ellet (1810‐1862), an engineer specialised in suspension bridges and involved in the project design team of the contemporaneous Niagara Falls Suspension Bridge [Figures 86‐87], which John Roebling 188 also took part in (1806‐1869). These two bridges showed not only surprising engineering progress, but were also spectacular landscape machines of the time, as they enabled the territory to be enjoyed by creating privileged observation points of charming sceneries. Road expansion led to the development of fences [Figure 85], one of the main problems for farmers and communities 189 . The first pioneers and colonists allowed their herds to move freely in the woods and each one protected his own crops from wandering animals. When many farmers began to settle and started to create the first villages, the problem became so great that they had to request special legislative measures. The herds created a problem for vegetable and flower gardens, their manure dirtied the roads, which soon became muddy and impassable 190 . In the 1860s, the States began to create the first fence/herd laws. John Jackson Brinckeroff speaks of the results obtained immediately after the laws were applied and observed: “[…] roads which were safer and cleaner and more agreeable to travel. And once cleared of cattle, they were soon cleared of rubbish 188 John Augustus Roebling (1806‐1869) with his son Washington (1837‐1926), is the architectdesigner of the Brooklyn Bridge in New York (1883) 189 See JACKSON, John Brinckerhoff, American Space: the Centennial Years, 1865‐1876, New York, W.W. Norton, 1972, pp. 64‐67 190 JACKSON wrote: “Here is the lament uttered by a farmer in upper New York State before a local fence law was passed in the 1860s. ”, Ibid. p. 65 113
[…] Thus there gradually evolved in villages and on farms throughout the Midwest the uninterrupted lawn stretching from the house to edge of the street or road; and along the street or road trees were soon planted. It was thus that a familiar feature of the American rural landscape came into being, a feature so familiar indeed that few inquire as to its origin. As they were enacted across the country, the herd laws not only freed farmers from an increasingly burdensome expense, they transformed the rural environment” 191 . At the same time, the railroad became the fastest and most efficient means in the advance westwards. In 1828 the Baltimore & Ohio was built, the first railroad with carriages pulled by horses. The first steam locomotives appeared a few months later. From the 1830s onwards, small stretches of railroad developed in the East of the country. In 1840 the United States had 5,360 km of railroad, but by 1860 the network had been extended to approximately 50,000 km. Enthusiasm for the railroad in the first thirty years was such that private individuals invested 1,250 million dollars into their construction 192 . The idea of a transcontinental railroad only came later in 1845 after the Californian gold rush. The Pacific Railway Act was passed in 1862. This measure authorised the construction of the railroad across the American continent and awarded free lands along the route to the contracting companies. The first Transcontinental Railroad was built between 1863 and 1869 by the Union Pacific Railroad and Central Pacific Railroad of California, from which it got its name of Pacific Railroad. It connected Council Bluffs, Iowa and Omaha, Nebraska (via Ogden, Utah, and Sacramento, California) with the Pacific Ocean, at Oakland, California [Figures 130‐131]. As for the toll roads, rivalry between companies led to a duplication of the route. The route of the Southern Pacific Transportation Company ended decades later by joining operations with Central Pacific, to then merge with them only in 1885. There was a proper challenge between investors to construct the railroad infrastructures. Whoever arrived first at the final goal could count on lands awarded by law, but also on guaranteed profits, as well as the publicity from the success of the enterprise. Telegraph lines were built at the same time as the railroad and these brought about the decline of the 191 Ibid., pp. 66‐67 192 For this data see JONES, A., Maldwyn, The Limits of Liberty American History 1607‐1992, London, Oxford University Press, 1995 [first ed. 1983] (Italian translation Storia degli Stati Uniti d’America. Dalle prime colonie inglesi ai giorni nostri, Milan, Bompiani 2011, p. 107) 114
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UNIVERSITY OF NOVA GORICA GRADUATE
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Building the American Landscape. Te
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The Oklahoma Land Rush, April 22, 1
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Introduction The purpose of this re
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of the issue of the landscape desig
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especially, during which the intere
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We have tried to do so by suggestin
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colonial settlements were never an
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continued. Under Governor Benjamin
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Nature, agriculture and the languag
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adopted by Jefferson as an architec
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as workshops. Downhill from the Mul
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assessments made with measurements
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Figure 2- Monticello West Elevation
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780 THOMAS JEFFERSON'S MONTICELLO L
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Figure 8- Monticello: 3rd roundabou
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Figure 11- Thomas Jefferson‘s Gar
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Figure 12- Thomas Jefferson‘s Gar
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Agricultural America The English co
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which definitely contributed to the
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legal and commercial documents comp
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overlooking the garden and the road
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The structure was the result of the
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destroyed during the Civil War, bec
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would be turning backward to the Ke
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Jefferson, who considered himself a
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the world. Americans are the wester
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(1736‐1784), the founder of the s
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Tidy, mainly horizontal, board fenc
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which displayed hundreds of pieces
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landscapes and of the towns themsel
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Figure 14- Certifi ed copy (1808) o
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Figure 16- Origins of plantation ho
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Figure 19- Uncle Sam (Constancia) P
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Figures 21/21.1- The plantation lan
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Figure 24- Live Oaks along the entr
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Figure 26- Pricipal facade from the
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Figure 29- Plan Scheme of Poplar Fo
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Figure 33- Jefferson’s 1809 Popla
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Figure 35- Diagram of the south par
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Figure 37- Shaker Village, Berkshir
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Figure 41-Shaker Church Family Roun
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Figure 43- The snake fences in Yate
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However, a grid configuration exten
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The lands freed from the American I
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In the centre of the town there wer
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the garden towns and of the satelli
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and pastoral life. The “middle la
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a tree, and each "leaf" encloses do
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This idea of dedicating a circular
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Figure 45- The grid: Clarck County,
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Figure 47- The grid system (Land Su
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Figure 50- Frank Lloyd Wright, Broa
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Figure 52- The grid and the develop
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Figure 54- Frederick Law Olmsted, R
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Figure 56- Frank Lloyd Wright, Park
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Mumford’s search for the characte
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the “revelation” can also be se
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The old vestiges of the town admire
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At this point we should not be surp
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Economy was described by Charles No
Page 125 and 126: Among the 41 Fourier‐type communi
Page 127 and 128: He purchased 90 acres of land, but
Page 129 and 130: the Shakers. After an 1842 visit to
Page 131 and 132: Settlements, such as Vineland (1861
Page 133 and 134: garden, much frequented, especially
Page 135 and 136: Several architects of the twentieth
Page 137 and 138: the unusual character of the place:
Page 139 and 140: Figure 57- Views of Community of Ec
Page 141 and 142: Figure 59- Right. Anaheim Plan and
Page 143 and 144: Figure 61- Sketch by Joseph Smith,
Page 145 and 146: Figure 63- Mormon town-planning. Bi
Page 148 and 149: The “middle landscape” Close me
Page 150 and 151: the large whitewashed factory>>. Th
Page 152 and 153: Despite the fact that the pastoral
Page 154 and 155: Industrial America One’s‐Self I
Page 156 and 157: of a nineteenth century company‐t
Page 158 and 159: A large number of works and investm
Page 160 and 161: designing and constructing the firs
Page 162 and 163: Schinkel posed the question which s
Page 164 and 165: All the works came to the astronomi
Page 166 and 167: Whereas, the agricultural and comme
Page 168 and 169: Furthermore, the Erie Canal was a p
Page 170 and 171: sailed downstream in 30. 180 Fulton
Page 172 and 173: on foot and on horseback animate th
Page 174 and 175: non‐existent places, such as rive
Page 178 and 179: job of Pony Express. They confirmed
Page 180 and 181: countryside” 196 . Moreover, the
Page 182 and 183: Figure 69- The industrial change of
Page 184 and 185: Figure 71- Birds’ eye view of New
Page 186 and 187: Figure 74- The map shows character
Page 188 and 189: Figure 76- Articifi al landscape of
Page 190 and 191: Figure 80- The natural landscape an
Page 192 and 193: Figure 82- Pioneer family in front
Page 194 and 195: Figure 85- Roads and fences in Wino
Page 196 and 197: Figure 87- John Augustus Roebling:T
Page 198 and 199: arrels of pork meat>>, often approv
Page 200 and 201: 1845), he incited the United States
Page 202 and 203: Manifest Destiny began the period o
Page 204 and 205: First experiences of landscape gard
Page 206 and 207: In designs for a pleasure‐ground,
Page 208 and 209: By irony of fate, the first Preside
Page 210 and 211: construction, deriving from the bal
Page 212 and 213: was to be clarified during the firs
Page 214 and 215: Olmsted was particularly impressed
Page 216 and 217: The search for an ancient landscape
Page 218 and 219: country, enabled Hotchkiss to becom
Page 220 and 221: The prospects and developments of t
Page 222 and 223: Despite the fact that Loudon knew o
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compared to that of John Claudius L
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convinced many architects to dedica
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estricted to his theoretical works.
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architecture. Davis’ landscapes f
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Figure 89- Mount Airy Plantation (C
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Figure 91- Mount Vernon Plantation,
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Figure 93- Plan scheme of the Jeffe
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Figure 97- Thomas Jefferson-View of
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Figure 100- Henry Alexander Scammel
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Figure 102- Almerin Hotchkiss: Bell
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Figure 105- John Claudius Loudon’
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Figure 108- Above: Plan of a common
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Figure 113- Andrew Jackson Downing,
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Figure 115- The situation before Do
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Figure 118- Alexander Jackson Davis
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Landscape as a principle of urban p
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and did not come up to the expectat
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Vaux complemented Olmsted, he had a
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landscape designer could intensify
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of his two sons and of Charles Elio
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Figure 122- Right: Frederick Law Ol
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Figure 124- Frederick Law Olmsted,
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Figure 127- Frederick Law Olmsted,
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the true “line” of change. The
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Association, during the World’s C
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to its interpretation, which would
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means of transport allowed to come
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danger. This reasoning gave rise to
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The Wilderness and the frontier, de
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Figure 129- The Food of our Youth (
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Figure 132- “All the West going f
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Figure 134- A pile of American Biso
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conscience, to which the mass media
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Chronological Table -Events related
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‐J. Winkelmann: Alte Denkmäler d
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1821 ‐Canal Eire from Albany, NY,
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1846 ‐J. Roebling: Suspension bri
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1872 ‐Yellowstone National Park:
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DOWNING, Andrew Jackson, The Fruits
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MORSE, F.B. Samuel, Lectures on the
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WOODWARD, George Eveston and F.W.,
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O’SULLIVAN, John Louis, “Annexa
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CIUCCI Giorgio, DAL CO Francesco, M
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Ingraham, Karl Kamrath, Elizabeth K
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dei timidi, introduzione di Gianni
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PECK, Amelia (ed.), Alexander Jacks
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TEYSSOT, George (ed.), The American
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1997), Association of Collegiate Sc
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SEGAL, Howard P., (review by) “Le
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