building the american landscape - Univerza v Novi Gorici

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which displayed hundreds of pieces of equipment, machinery, mills, tools, spare parts, carriages, and naturally multiple types of ploughs, some of them programmatically named “New Deal”, the ultimate objective of the well‐known policy of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, implemented between 1933 and 1937. In Virginia in 1831, Cyrus H. McCormick invented the mechanical harvester, a light, horse‐drawn, wooden structure, but the model was to be perfected in Chicago in the 1840’s. The historian, Maldwyn Jones, confirms the importance of this event “[…] in the middle of the wheat belt, and, thanks also to his business skills, he was able to defeat a rival who had independently perfected a similar machine. In 1860 McCormick was able to manufacture 20,000 harvesters per year. Almost at the same time, similar innovations improved threshing […]”. 73 In the years immediately after the Civil War, all these technological transformations and innovations had created the extraordinary agricultural landscape of the bonanza farms 74 , cereal cultivations which extended for hundreds of kilometres along the shores of the Northern Red River, in an extremely fertile geographical area. From an architectural point of view, the landscape of the prairies was dominated by typical wooden buildings. The invention of the balloon frame in the 1830’s completely changed the building techniques and the American landscape during the settlement of the West 75 . The construction of homes became an industry which replaced the small log cabins built by the pioneers, as well as the more imposing, costly masonry buildings. Sigfried Giedion identifies the inventor of the balloon frame in George Washington Snow 76 (1797‐1870), even though the phenomenon has to be set in a wider context, 73 Numeric data and quotation from JONES, A., Maldwyn, The Limits of Liberty American History 1607‐1992, London, Oxford University Press, 1995 [first ed. 1983] cit. p. 1 (Italian translation Storia degli Stati Uniti d’ America. Dalle prime colonie inglesi ai giorni nostri, Milano, Bompiani 2011, p. 111) 74 JACKSON, John Brinckeroff, American Space: the Centennial Years, 1865‐1876, New York, W.W. Norton, 1972, pp. 49‐55 75 On the diffusion and knowledge of the construction system in the middle of the nineteenth century see: WOODWARD, George Eveston and F.W., Country Homes, New York, 1865 76 See GIEDION, Sigfried, Space, TIme and Architecture, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1954 (first ed. 1941)(Italian translation edited by Enrica e Mario Labò, Spazio, Tempo ed Architettura. Lo Sviluppo di una nuova tradizione, Milano, Hoepli, 2004, p. 340) 43
as the very same historian admitted 77 : “The invention of the new structure coincides with the progress of sawing mill equipment and not least with the mass production of nails” 78 . The special construction of the balloon frame was in fact influenced by the level of industrialization achieved in America 79 . The idea of building a thick basket made of thin wooden beams and pillars, all with the same cross‐section and held together by boards was taken from some construction and covering techniques of the first houses of the settlers on the Atlantic coast 80 . The main difference lay in the fact that the complex carpentry operations of the wooden joints had been replaced by the faster technique of nailing. Furthermore, the reduced size of the load bearing structure made it easier to transport and assemble. The method of construction not only guaranteed a speedy execution and a cheap building, but it was also perfectly suitable for the construction of haylofts and other agricultural buildings 81 [Figure 42‐43]. However, these aspects of the agricultural technological revolution and of the construction methods are strictly linked not only to the evolution of American society, but also to a series of provisions taken over the years to regulate the distribution of land at the expense of the Native Americans. These provisions, collectively known as Land Acts, began with the purchase of Louisiana, also established the planning of the territory, and made them the most incisive contribution to the definition and construction of the extensive American 77 See other research on the balloon frame: FIELD, Walker, “A Re‐examination into the Invention of the Balloon Frame”, The Journal of the American Society of Architectural Historians, Vol. 2, No. 4 (Oct.,1942), University of California Press, pp. 3‐29 78 See GIEDION, Sigfried, Space, Time and Architecture, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1954 (first ed. 1941)(tr. it. a cua di Enrica e Mario Labò, Spazio, Tempo ed Architettura. Lo Sviluppo di una nuova tradizione, Milano, Hoepli, 2004, p. 338) [Translated in English from Italian by the author] 79 See SPRAGUE, Paul E., “The Origin of Balloon Framing”, Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, Vol. 40, No. 4 (Dec., 1981), University of California Press, pp. 311‐319 80 See CAVANAGH, Ted, “The Original Aspects of Conventional Wood‐Frame Construction Re‐ Examined”, Journal of Architectural Education (1984‐), Vol. 51, No. 1 (Sep., 1997), Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture, pp. 5‐15; and JENSEN, Robert, “Board and Batten Siding and the Balloon Frame: Their Incompatibility in the Nineteenth Century”, Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, Vol. 30, No. 1 (Mar., 1971),University of California Press, pp. 40‐50 81 See JACKSON, John Brinckeroff, American Space: the Centennial Years, 1865‐1876, New York, W.W. Norton, 1972, p. 24 44
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UNIVERSITY OF NOVA GORICA GRADUATE
Page 4 and 5:
Building the American Landscape. Te
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The Oklahoma Land Rush, April 22, 1
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Introduction The purpose of this re
Page 10 and 11: of the issue of the landscape desig
Page 12 and 13: especially, during which the intere
Page 14 and 15: We have tried to do so by suggestin
Page 16 and 17: colonial settlements were never an
Page 18 and 19: continued. Under Governor Benjamin
Page 20 and 21: Nature, agriculture and the languag
Page 22 and 23: adopted by Jefferson as an architec
Page 24 and 25: as workshops. Downhill from the Mul
Page 26 and 27: assessments made with measurements
Page 28 and 29: Figure 2- Monticello West Elevation
Page 30 and 31: 780 THOMAS JEFFERSON'S MONTICELLO L
Page 32 and 33: Figure 8- Monticello: 3rd roundabou
Page 34 and 35: Figure 11- Thomas Jefferson‘s Gar
Page 36 and 37: Figure 12- Thomas Jefferson‘s Gar
Page 38 and 39: Agricultural America The English co
Page 40 and 41: which definitely contributed to the
Page 42 and 43: legal and commercial documents comp
Page 44 and 45: overlooking the garden and the road
Page 46 and 47: The structure was the result of the
Page 48 and 49: destroyed during the Civil War, bec
Page 50 and 51: would be turning backward to the Ke
Page 52 and 53: Jefferson, who considered himself a
Page 54 and 55: the world. Americans are the wester
Page 56 and 57: (1736‐1784), the founder of the s
Page 58 and 59: Tidy, mainly horizontal, board fenc
Page 62 and 63: landscapes and of the towns themsel
Page 64 and 65: Figure 14- Certifi ed copy (1808) o
Page 66 and 67: Figure 16- Origins of plantation ho
Page 68 and 69: Figure 19- Uncle Sam (Constancia) P
Page 71 and 72: Figures 21/21.1- The plantation lan
Page 73 and 74: Figure 24- Live Oaks along the entr
Page 75 and 76: Figure 26- Pricipal facade from the
Page 77 and 78: Figure 29- Plan Scheme of Poplar Fo
Page 79 and 80: Figure 33- Jefferson’s 1809 Popla
Page 81 and 82: Figure 35- Diagram of the south par
Page 83 and 84: Figure 37- Shaker Village, Berkshir
Page 85 and 86: Figure 41-Shaker Church Family Roun
Page 87 and 88: Figure 43- The snake fences in Yate
Page 89 and 90: However, a grid configuration exten
Page 91 and 92: The lands freed from the American I
Page 93 and 94: In the centre of the town there wer
Page 95 and 96: the garden towns and of the satelli
Page 97 and 98: and pastoral life. The “middle la
Page 99 and 100: a tree, and each "leaf" encloses do
Page 101 and 102: This idea of dedicating a circular
Page 103 and 104: Figure 45- The grid: Clarck County,
Page 105 and 106: Figure 47- The grid system (Land Su
Page 107 and 108: Figure 50- Frank Lloyd Wright, Broa
Page 109 and 110: Figure 52- The grid and the develop
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Figure 54- Frederick Law Olmsted, R
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Figure 56- Frank Lloyd Wright, Park
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Mumford’s search for the characte
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the “revelation” can also be se
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The old vestiges of the town admire
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At this point we should not be surp
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Economy was described by Charles No
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Among the 41 Fourier‐type communi
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He purchased 90 acres of land, but
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the Shakers. After an 1842 visit to
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Settlements, such as Vineland (1861
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garden, much frequented, especially
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Several architects of the twentieth
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the unusual character of the place:
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Figure 57- Views of Community of Ec
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Figure 59- Right. Anaheim Plan and
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Figure 61- Sketch by Joseph Smith,
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Figure 63- Mormon town-planning. Bi
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The “middle landscape” Close me
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the large whitewashed factory>>. Th
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Despite the fact that the pastoral
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Industrial America One’s‐Self I
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of a nineteenth century company‐t
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A large number of works and investm
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designing and constructing the firs
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Schinkel posed the question which s
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All the works came to the astronomi
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Whereas, the agricultural and comme
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Furthermore, the Erie Canal was a p
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sailed downstream in 30. 180 Fulton
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on foot and on horseback animate th
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non‐existent places, such as rive
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Bridge is a good example of the ind
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job of Pony Express. They confirmed
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countryside” 196 . Moreover, the
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Figure 69- The industrial change of
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Figure 71- Birds’ eye view of New
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Figure 74- The map shows character
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Figure 76- Articifi al landscape of
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Figure 80- The natural landscape an
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Figure 82- Pioneer family in front
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Figure 85- Roads and fences in Wino
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Figure 87- John Augustus Roebling:T
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arrels of pork meat>>, often approv
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1845), he incited the United States
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Manifest Destiny began the period o
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First experiences of landscape gard
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In designs for a pleasure‐ground,
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By irony of fate, the first Preside
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construction, deriving from the bal
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was to be clarified during the firs
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Olmsted was particularly impressed
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The search for an ancient landscape
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country, enabled Hotchkiss to becom
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The prospects and developments of t
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Despite the fact that Loudon knew o
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At the same time, studies attempted
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compared to that of John Claudius L
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convinced many architects to dedica
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estricted to his theoretical works.
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architecture. Davis’ landscapes f
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Figure 89- Mount Airy Plantation (C
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Figure 91- Mount Vernon Plantation,
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Figure 93- Plan scheme of the Jeffe
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Figure 97- Thomas Jefferson-View of
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Figure 100- Henry Alexander Scammel
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Figure 102- Almerin Hotchkiss: Bell
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Figure 105- John Claudius Loudon’
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Figure 108- Above: Plan of a common
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Figure 113- Andrew Jackson Downing,
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Figure 115- The situation before Do
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Figure 118- Alexander Jackson Davis
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Landscape as a principle of urban p
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and did not come up to the expectat
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Vaux complemented Olmsted, he had a
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landscape designer could intensify
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of his two sons and of Charles Elio
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Figure 122- Right: Frederick Law Ol
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Figure 124- Frederick Law Olmsted,
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Figure 127- Frederick Law Olmsted,
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the true “line” of change. The
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Association, during the World’s C
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to its interpretation, which would
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means of transport allowed to come
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danger. This reasoning gave rise to
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The Wilderness and the frontier, de
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Figure 129- The Food of our Youth (
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Figure 132- “All the West going f
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Figure 134- A pile of American Biso
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conscience, to which the mass media
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Chronological Table -Events related
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‐J. Winkelmann: Alte Denkmäler d
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1821 ‐Canal Eire from Albany, NY,
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1846 ‐J. Roebling: Suspension bri
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1872 ‐Yellowstone National Park:
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DOWNING, Andrew Jackson, The Fruits
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MORSE, F.B. Samuel, Lectures on the
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WOODWARD, George Eveston and F.W.,
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O’SULLIVAN, John Louis, “Annexa
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CIUCCI Giorgio, DAL CO Francesco, M
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Ingraham, Karl Kamrath, Elizabeth K
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dei timidi, introduzione di Gianni
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PECK, Amelia (ed.), Alexander Jacks
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TEYSSOT, George (ed.), The American
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1997), Association of Collegiate Sc
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SEGAL, Howard P., (review by) “Le
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