building the american landscape - Univerza v Novi Gorici

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conscience, to which the mass media often refer to, is not a recent matter. On the contrary, many of the theories devised during the nineteenth century appear as forms of more consistent awareness, which cannot be compared to the expressions of some people, who today use the word landscape to sell their “product”, whether it is a book, a project, or a political bill. For this reason, Walt Whitman’s Leaves of Grass (1855) are among the most subversive, most profound writings of the period under examination and they form an important moment in the revision of the stimuli of contemporary society even today. Whitman’s poems recall the need for freedom, they break with the social conformism of the time, and they appear as an emotional counterpoint in a changing world. Abstract contemplation of life no longer has any importance, only the contrasts and stimuli from life’s unceasing flow. Whitman has something ingenuous about him and at the same time profound, corporeal, which make him the interpreter of the great transformations in the American landscape, town and territory. His poems speak of a confused state dictated by the exaltation of various factors, which are part of a questioning, spiritual logic. A simple blade of grass sparks reflection just as much as the death of a hero, such as Lincoln. Pulsations of the subconscious, elements of nature, faith in democracy, exaltation of the individual, reflections en masse and machines, all go towards reasoning why there is such a contrast between town and frontier, wild nature and the garden. In the light of these aspects, the death of Downing on a steamboat suddenly sounds more tragic and prophetic when thinking about the conflicting topics Whitman faced. Essentially, even death constitutes a fundamental element in modern landscaping for Americans. From the cemeteries to the battlefields of the Civil War, the landscape became a symbol of identification of the nation. The fields were no longer intended only for agricultural practices, and after years of diffusion of horticulture, the territory was no longer interpreted as a symbol of Eden. The aesthetic writings and project considerations of the first landscape architects replaced the primitive demands for subsistence farming. 176
This rapid revision of the landscape themes led to a major revolution in thought. The idea that the landscape was common property and that one day this property could be in danger was an exquisitely American concern. In 1862, before he died, Henry David Thoreau published a series of reflections in the pages of The Atlantic under the title of Walking, or the Wild, which he had conceived during his long walks. Thoreau was the first to work on ideas which were unequalled in their conception and for their topicality. Thinking of the hasty transformations of the territory, and of the violation of nature, he affirmed in a peremptory tone: “A people who would begin by burning the fences and let the forest stand!” 272 However, the pages of Walking not only contain seductive phrases and aphorisms, they also propose a sad presage. “[...]the best part of the land is not private property; the landscape is not owned, and the walker enjoys comparative freedom. But possibly the day will come when it will be partitioned off into so‐called pleasure‐grounds, in which a few will take a narrow and exclusive pleasure only when fences shall be multiplied, and man‐traps and other engines invented to confine men to the PUBLIC road, and walking over the surface of God's earth shall be construed to mean trespassing on some gentleman's grounds.” 273 If the day imagined by Thoreau has already arrived some time ago, today we are simply left with the task of keeping a watch over and of conserving the landscape, since the challenge is somehow great than before. It is up to us, to those who go on pilgrimages to search for unknown lands 274 , to conquer new spaces for resilience and freedom. 272 THOREAU, Henry David, “Walking”, The Atlantic, May 1862 (Italian translation Camminare, edited by Massimo Jevolella, Milan, Oscar Mondadori, 2009, p. 24): “Nowadays almost all man's improvements, so called, as the building of houses and the cutting down of the forest and of all large trees, simply deform the landscape, and make it more and more tame and cheap. A people who would begin by burning the fences and let the forest stand!” 273 Ibid., (it. tr. pp. 28‐29) 274 I think about the prologue of The Canterbury Tales by G. Chaucer, quoted by Thoreau in Walking. 177
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UNIVERSITY OF NOVA GORICA GRADUATE
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Building the American Landscape. Te
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The Oklahoma Land Rush, April 22, 1
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Introduction The purpose of this re
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of the issue of the landscape desig
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especially, during which the intere
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We have tried to do so by suggestin
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colonial settlements were never an
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continued. Under Governor Benjamin
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Nature, agriculture and the languag
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adopted by Jefferson as an architec
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as workshops. Downhill from the Mul
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assessments made with measurements
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Figure 2- Monticello West Elevation
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780 THOMAS JEFFERSON'S MONTICELLO L
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Figure 8- Monticello: 3rd roundabou
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Figure 11- Thomas Jefferson‘s Gar
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Figure 12- Thomas Jefferson‘s Gar
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Agricultural America The English co
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which definitely contributed to the
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legal and commercial documents comp
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overlooking the garden and the road
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The structure was the result of the
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destroyed during the Civil War, bec
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would be turning backward to the Ke
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Jefferson, who considered himself a
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the world. Americans are the wester
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(1736‐1784), the founder of the s
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Tidy, mainly horizontal, board fenc
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which displayed hundreds of pieces
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landscapes and of the towns themsel
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Figure 14- Certifi ed copy (1808) o
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Figure 16- Origins of plantation ho
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Figure 19- Uncle Sam (Constancia) P
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Figures 21/21.1- The plantation lan
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Figure 24- Live Oaks along the entr
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Figure 26- Pricipal facade from the
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Figure 29- Plan Scheme of Poplar Fo
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Figure 33- Jefferson’s 1809 Popla
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Figure 35- Diagram of the south par
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Figure 37- Shaker Village, Berkshir
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Figure 41-Shaker Church Family Roun
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Figure 43- The snake fences in Yate
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However, a grid configuration exten
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The lands freed from the American I
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In the centre of the town there wer
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the garden towns and of the satelli
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and pastoral life. The “middle la
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a tree, and each "leaf" encloses do
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This idea of dedicating a circular
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Figure 45- The grid: Clarck County,
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Figure 47- The grid system (Land Su
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Figure 50- Frank Lloyd Wright, Broa
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Figure 52- The grid and the develop
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Figure 54- Frederick Law Olmsted, R
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Figure 56- Frank Lloyd Wright, Park
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Mumford’s search for the characte
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the “revelation” can also be se
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The old vestiges of the town admire
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At this point we should not be surp
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Economy was described by Charles No
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Among the 41 Fourier‐type communi
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He purchased 90 acres of land, but
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the Shakers. After an 1842 visit to
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Settlements, such as Vineland (1861
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garden, much frequented, especially
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Several architects of the twentieth
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the unusual character of the place:
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Figure 57- Views of Community of Ec
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Figure 59- Right. Anaheim Plan and
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Figure 61- Sketch by Joseph Smith,
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Figure 63- Mormon town-planning. Bi
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The “middle landscape” Close me
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the large whitewashed factory>>. Th
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Despite the fact that the pastoral
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Industrial America One’s‐Self I
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of a nineteenth century company‐t
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A large number of works and investm
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designing and constructing the firs
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Schinkel posed the question which s
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All the works came to the astronomi
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Whereas, the agricultural and comme
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Furthermore, the Erie Canal was a p
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sailed downstream in 30. 180 Fulton
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on foot and on horseback animate th
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non‐existent places, such as rive
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Bridge is a good example of the ind
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job of Pony Express. They confirmed
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countryside” 196 . Moreover, the
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Figure 69- The industrial change of
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Figure 71- Birds’ eye view of New
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Figure 74- The map shows character
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Figure 76- Articifi al landscape of
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Figure 80- The natural landscape an
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Figure 82- Pioneer family in front
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Figure 85- Roads and fences in Wino
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Figure 87- John Augustus Roebling:T
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arrels of pork meat>>, often approv
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1845), he incited the United States
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Manifest Destiny began the period o
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First experiences of landscape gard
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In designs for a pleasure‐ground,
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By irony of fate, the first Preside
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construction, deriving from the bal
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was to be clarified during the firs
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Olmsted was particularly impressed
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The search for an ancient landscape
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country, enabled Hotchkiss to becom
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The prospects and developments of t
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Despite the fact that Loudon knew o
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At the same time, studies attempted
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compared to that of John Claudius L
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convinced many architects to dedica
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estricted to his theoretical works.
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architecture. Davis’ landscapes f
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Figure 89- Mount Airy Plantation (C
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Figure 91- Mount Vernon Plantation,
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Figure 93- Plan scheme of the Jeffe
Page 241 and 242: Figure 97- Thomas Jefferson-View of
Page 243 and 244: Figure 100- Henry Alexander Scammel
Page 245 and 246: Figure 102- Almerin Hotchkiss: Bell
Page 247 and 248: Figure 105- John Claudius Loudon’
Page 249: Figure 108- Above: Plan of a common
Page 252 and 253: Figure 113- Andrew Jackson Downing,
Page 254 and 255: Figure 115- The situation before Do
Page 256 and 257: Figure 118- Alexander Jackson Davis
Page 258 and 259: Landscape as a principle of urban p
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Page 264 and 265: landscape designer could intensify
Page 266 and 267: of his two sons and of Charles Elio
Page 268 and 269: Figure 122- Right: Frederick Law Ol
Page 270 and 271: Figure 124- Frederick Law Olmsted,
Page 272 and 273: Figure 127- Frederick Law Olmsted,
Page 274 and 275: the true “line” of change. The
Page 276 and 277: Association, during the World’s C
Page 278 and 279: to its interpretation, which would
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Page 282 and 283: danger. This reasoning gave rise to
Page 284 and 285: The Wilderness and the frontier, de
Page 286 and 287: Figure 129- The Food of our Youth (
Page 288 and 289: Figure 132- “All the West going f
Page 290 and 291: Figure 134- A pile of American Biso
Page 294 and 295: Chronological Table -Events related
Page 296 and 297: ‐J. Winkelmann: Alte Denkmäler d
Page 298 and 299: 1821 ‐Canal Eire from Albany, NY,
Page 300 and 301: 1846 ‐J. Roebling: Suspension bri
Page 302 and 303: 1872 ‐Yellowstone National Park:
Page 304 and 305: DOWNING, Andrew Jackson, The Fruits
Page 306 and 307: MORSE, F.B. Samuel, Lectures on the
Page 308 and 309: WOODWARD, George Eveston and F.W.,
Page 310 and 311: O’SULLIVAN, John Louis, “Annexa
Page 312 and 313: CIUCCI Giorgio, DAL CO Francesco, M
Page 314 and 315: Ingraham, Karl Kamrath, Elizabeth K
Page 316 and 317: dei timidi, introduzione di Gianni
Page 318 and 319: PECK, Amelia (ed.), Alexander Jacks
Page 320 and 321: TEYSSOT, George (ed.), The American
Page 322 and 323: 1997), Association of Collegiate Sc
Page 324 and 325: SEGAL, Howard P., (review by) “Le
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