building the american landscape - Univerza v Novi Gorici

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1821 ‐Canal Eire from Albany, NY, to Buffalo, NY ‐ 584Km (1817‐1821) ‐Shaker Millennial Law ‐H.L. Stephens (1821‐1886) illustrator ‐Treaty of Cordoba: Mexican independence from Spain ‐S.F. Austin: American colonization of Texas 1822 ‐T. Jefferson: Barboursville and The Rotunda, University of Virginia (1822‐ 1826) ‐The mountain men ‐F.L. Olmsted (1822‐1903) landscape designer 1823 ‐K.F. Schinkel: Altes Museum, Berlin ‐S.R. Gifford (1823‐1880) painter ‐M. Fink (1770‐1823) ƚ pioneer 1824 ‐Calvert Vaux (1824‐1895) landscape architect ‐W.H. Ashley: Ashley’s Hundred (recruitment for the first of several furtrapping expeditions) ‐T.G. Fassenden: New England Farmer (magazine) ‐Monroe Doctrine ‐J. Smith’ s visions of angel Moroni (Mormon religion) ‐J. Bridger is the first European American to see the Great Salt Lake 1825 ‐R. Owen: New Harmony, Indiana was founded ‐Erie Canal ‐Foundation of Economy, Pennsylvania 1826 ‐K.F. Schinkel’s journey in England ‐The Boston Associated entitled their company town Lowell ‐Round Stone Barn, Hancock, Massachusetts ‐Eli Whtney (1765‐1825) inventor ‐Pierre Charles L’Enfant (1754‐ 1825) ƚ ‐John Adams (1735‐1826) ƚ politician ‐F.E. Church (1826‐1900) painter ‐T. Jefferson (1743‐1826) ƚ politician and architect ‐J.Q. Adams is the President of Usa (1825‐1829) ‐F. Froebel: The education of Man ‐J. Priest: The Wonders of Nature and Providence Dispalyed ‐J.C. Loudon: The Gardener’s Magazine 1826‐1843 1827 ‐A. Manzoni: I promessi sposi 1828 ‐The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (1828‐30): the first railroad in the US ‐Parmentier and Hosack: Hyde Park mansion, New York 1829 ‐Boston Horticultural Society ‐Uncle Sam (Constancia) Plantation, St. James Parish, Louisiana (1829‐ 1843) 1830 ‐Community Place, Skaneateles, New York, foundation: utopian colony inspired by Fourier’s ideas ‐ Railroads active: 40 miles 1831 ‐G. Japelli: caffè Pedrocchi, Padova ‐Chesapeake and Ohio Canal ‐C. H. Mc Cormick: reaper and twine binder ‐Dearborn, Bigelow and Wadsworth: Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge 1832 ‐G.W. Snow: St. May Church, Chicago, first building using balloon frame ‐Ohio and Erie Canal 1833 ‐Alasa Farms, Alton, New York foundation: utopian colony inspired by Fourier’s ideas (1833‐1844) 1834 ‐J. Paxton: Palm House, Hackney, London ‐W. Thornton (1759‐1828) ƚ architect ‐J. Vernes (1828‐2905) author ‐ Emily Dickinson (1830‐1886) poet ‐A. Bierstadt (1830‐1902) painter ‐ Population 12.866.020 ‐André Parmentier (1780‐1830) ƚ landscape designer ‐R.M. Copeland (1830‐1874) landscape architect ‐J. Hoban (1758‐1831) ƚ architect ‐G:M: Pullman (1831‐1897) inventor ‐W. Coxe (1762‐1831) ƚ pomologist ‐L.M. Alcott (1832‐1888) author ‐W. Le Baron Jenney (1832‐1907) architect ‐G. Eiffel (1831‐1923) engineer ‐W. Morris (1834‐1896) textile designer ‐André Parmentier: Landscape and Picturesque Gardens ‐W. Prince: Treatise on Horticulture ‐A. Jackson is the President of Usa (1829‐1837) ‐C. Fourier: Le Nouveau Monde Industriel et Sociétaire ‐J. Smith: Book of Mormon ‐The Indian Removal Act ‐V. Hugo: Notre‐Dame de Paris ‐T. Cole: The Course of Empire, five part series of painting (1833‐36) ‐J. A. Etzler: The paradise within the reach of all men, without labour, by powers of nature and machinery ‐J.C. Loudon: Encyclopedia of Cottage, Farm and Villa Architecture ‐H. de Balzac: Le père Goriot 1835 ‐Rosedown Planation, St. Francisville ‐Mark Twain (1835‐1910) author ‐J. LaFarge (1835‐1910) artist ‐Texas war of Independence (1835‐ 1836) ‐J.E. Teschmacher: Horticultural Register and Gardener’s Magazine
1836 ‐C. Fourier: Phalange ‐Laurel Hill Cemetery, Philadelphia ‐R. Mills: Washington Monument, Washington (1836‐1888) 1837 ‐G. J. Pilie: Oak Alley Plantation, St. James Parish, Louisiana (1837‐39) ‐J. Deere’s plow 1838 ‐J. Paxton: Greenhouse, Chatsworth ‐Mount Hope Cemetery, Rochester, New York ‐Greenwood Cemetery, Brooklyn ‐Green Mount Cemetery, Baltimore ‐A.J. Davis: Lyndhurst Mansion, Tarrytown, New York 1839 ‐5350 km of canals in the US ‐Foundation of Harmony Hall community, Southampton ‐James Madison (1751‐1836) ƚ politician ‐D. Crockett (1786‐1836) pioneer ‐W.D. Howells (1837‐1920) author ‐F.M.C. Fourier (1772‐1837) ƚ philosopher ‐T. Moran (1837‐1926) painter ‐J. Constable (1776‐1837) ƚ landscape painter ‐Wild B. Hickock (1837‐1876) pioneer ‐T.G. Fessenden (1771‐1837) ƚ horticulturist ‐H.H. Richardson (1838‐86) architect ‐H.B. Adams (1838‐1918) historian ‐W. Clark (1770‐1838) ƚ explorer ‐G.A. Custer (1839‐1876) ƚ general ‐T.G: Fessenden: Fessenden’s Silk Manual and Practical Farmer ‐A. de Toqueville: De la Democratie en Amérique ‐R.W. Emerson: Nature ‐R. Owen: The book of the new moral world ‐M.V. Buren is the President of Usa (1837‐1841) ‐S. Morse : invention of telegraph ‐R. Manning: Book of Fruits, being a descriptive catalogue of the most valuable varieties of the pear, apple, peach, plum, and cherry for New England culture ‐L.J.M. Daguerre: invention of photography 1840 ‐Hudson River School (1840s‐1870s): landscape painter movement ‐ Railroads active: 2755 miles ‐J. Lindley: The theory and Pratice of Horticulture ‐Houmas House Plantation and Gardens, Burnside, Louisiana ‐Pennsylvania Canal, 1840s 1841 G. Ripley: Brook Farm utopian experiment (1841‐1847) ‐ A.J. Downing: A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, Adapted to North America ‐G.P. Worcester:Rural Cemetery, Lowell ‐ Population 17.069.453 ‐T.H. O’ Sullivan (1840‐1882) photographer ‐C. Monet (1840‐1926) painter ‐A. Rodin (1840‐1916) sculptor ‐W.H. Harrison (1773‐1841) Ɨ politician ‐K.F. Schinkel (1781‐1841) Ɨ architect 1842 A.J. Downing: Cottage Residence ‐C.R. King (1842‐1901) geologist ‐J. Gast (1842‐?) painter ‐E.A. Poe: Tales of Grotesque and Arabesque ‐A. Brisbane: The Phalanx; or Journal of Social Science, 1840s ‐W.H. Harrison is the President of Usa (1841‐1841) ‐ J. Tyler is the President of Usa (1841‐ 1845) ‐R.W. Emerson: Essays 1843 ‐A.B. Alcott, C. Lane: Fruitlands foundation, Harvard, Massachusetts (1843‐1844) ‐North American Phalanx, Colts Neck Township, New Jersey, foundation: utopian community inspired by Fourier’s ideas (1843‐1856) ‐J.C. Loudon: Projects for three Cemetery in England 1844 ‐First Telegraph from Baltimore to Washington ‐Allegheny Cemetery, Pittsburgh ‐Albany Rural Cemetery, Menands, New York ‐A.J. Davis: Montgomery Place, Barrytown, New York ‐A.J. Davis: Blandwood Mansion, Greensboro, North Carolina (1844) 1845 ‐A.J. Downing: Fruits and Fruit Trees of America ‐Miami and Erie Canal ‐C. Sitte (1843‐1901) architect ‐J.C. Loudon (1783‐1843) Ɨ landscape designer ‐D. Adler (1844‐1900) architect ‐H. James (1843‐1916) author ‐J. Loudon: American edition of Gardening for Ladies edited by A.J. Downning ‐F. Engels: The condition of the working class in England ‐R.W.Emerson: lecture “New England Reformer” ‐J.K. Polk is the President of Usa (1845‐ 1849) ‐Annexation of Texas by Usa (Manifest Destiny)
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UNIVERSITY OF NOVA GORICA GRADUATE
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Building the American Landscape. Te
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The Oklahoma Land Rush, April 22, 1
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Introduction The purpose of this re
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of the issue of the landscape desig
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especially, during which the intere
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We have tried to do so by suggestin
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colonial settlements were never an
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continued. Under Governor Benjamin
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Nature, agriculture and the languag
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adopted by Jefferson as an architec
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as workshops. Downhill from the Mul
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assessments made with measurements
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Figure 2- Monticello West Elevation
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780 THOMAS JEFFERSON'S MONTICELLO L
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Figure 8- Monticello: 3rd roundabou
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Figure 11- Thomas Jefferson‘s Gar
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Figure 12- Thomas Jefferson‘s Gar
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Agricultural America The English co
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which definitely contributed to the
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legal and commercial documents comp
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overlooking the garden and the road
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The structure was the result of the
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destroyed during the Civil War, bec
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would be turning backward to the Ke
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Jefferson, who considered himself a
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the world. Americans are the wester
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(1736‐1784), the founder of the s
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Tidy, mainly horizontal, board fenc
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which displayed hundreds of pieces
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landscapes and of the towns themsel
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Figure 14- Certifi ed copy (1808) o
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Figure 16- Origins of plantation ho
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Figure 19- Uncle Sam (Constancia) P
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Figures 21/21.1- The plantation lan
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Figure 24- Live Oaks along the entr
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Figure 26- Pricipal facade from the
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Figure 29- Plan Scheme of Poplar Fo
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Figure 33- Jefferson’s 1809 Popla
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Figure 35- Diagram of the south par
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Figure 37- Shaker Village, Berkshir
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Figure 41-Shaker Church Family Roun
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Figure 43- The snake fences in Yate
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However, a grid configuration exten
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The lands freed from the American I
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In the centre of the town there wer
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the garden towns and of the satelli
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and pastoral life. The “middle la
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a tree, and each "leaf" encloses do
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This idea of dedicating a circular
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Figure 45- The grid: Clarck County,
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Figure 47- The grid system (Land Su
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Figure 50- Frank Lloyd Wright, Broa
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Figure 52- The grid and the develop
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Figure 54- Frederick Law Olmsted, R
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Figure 56- Frank Lloyd Wright, Park
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Mumford’s search for the characte
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the “revelation” can also be se
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The old vestiges of the town admire
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At this point we should not be surp
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Economy was described by Charles No
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Among the 41 Fourier‐type communi
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He purchased 90 acres of land, but
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the Shakers. After an 1842 visit to
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Settlements, such as Vineland (1861
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garden, much frequented, especially
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Several architects of the twentieth
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the unusual character of the place:
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Figure 57- Views of Community of Ec
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Figure 59- Right. Anaheim Plan and
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Figure 61- Sketch by Joseph Smith,
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Figure 63- Mormon town-planning. Bi
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The “middle landscape” Close me
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the large whitewashed factory>>. Th
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Despite the fact that the pastoral
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Industrial America One’s‐Self I
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of a nineteenth century company‐t
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A large number of works and investm
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designing and constructing the firs
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Schinkel posed the question which s
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All the works came to the astronomi
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Whereas, the agricultural and comme
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Furthermore, the Erie Canal was a p
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sailed downstream in 30. 180 Fulton
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on foot and on horseback animate th
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non‐existent places, such as rive
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Bridge is a good example of the ind
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job of Pony Express. They confirmed
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countryside” 196 . Moreover, the
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Figure 69- The industrial change of
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Figure 71- Birds’ eye view of New
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Figure 74- The map shows character
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Figure 76- Articifi al landscape of
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Figure 80- The natural landscape an
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Figure 82- Pioneer family in front
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Figure 85- Roads and fences in Wino
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Figure 87- John Augustus Roebling:T
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arrels of pork meat>>, often approv
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1845), he incited the United States
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Manifest Destiny began the period o
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First experiences of landscape gard
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In designs for a pleasure‐ground,
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By irony of fate, the first Preside
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construction, deriving from the bal
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was to be clarified during the firs
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Olmsted was particularly impressed
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The search for an ancient landscape
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country, enabled Hotchkiss to becom
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The prospects and developments of t
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Despite the fact that Loudon knew o
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At the same time, studies attempted
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compared to that of John Claudius L
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convinced many architects to dedica
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estricted to his theoretical works.
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architecture. Davis’ landscapes f
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Figure 89- Mount Airy Plantation (C
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Figure 91- Mount Vernon Plantation,
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Figure 93- Plan scheme of the Jeffe
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Figure 97- Thomas Jefferson-View of
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Figure 100- Henry Alexander Scammel
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Figure 102- Almerin Hotchkiss: Bell
Page 247 and 248: Figure 105- John Claudius Loudon’
Page 249: Figure 108- Above: Plan of a common
Page 252 and 253: Figure 113- Andrew Jackson Downing,
Page 254 and 255: Figure 115- The situation before Do
Page 256 and 257: Figure 118- Alexander Jackson Davis
Page 258 and 259: Landscape as a principle of urban p
Page 260 and 261: and did not come up to the expectat
Page 262 and 263: Vaux complemented Olmsted, he had a
Page 264 and 265: landscape designer could intensify
Page 266 and 267: of his two sons and of Charles Elio
Page 268 and 269: Figure 122- Right: Frederick Law Ol
Page 270 and 271: Figure 124- Frederick Law Olmsted,
Page 272 and 273: Figure 127- Frederick Law Olmsted,
Page 274 and 275: the true “line” of change. The
Page 276 and 277: Association, during the World’s C
Page 278 and 279: to its interpretation, which would
Page 280 and 281: means of transport allowed to come
Page 282 and 283: danger. This reasoning gave rise to
Page 284 and 285: The Wilderness and the frontier, de
Page 286 and 287: Figure 129- The Food of our Youth (
Page 288 and 289: Figure 132- “All the West going f
Page 290 and 291: Figure 134- A pile of American Biso
Page 292 and 293: conscience, to which the mass media
Page 294 and 295: Chronological Table -Events related
Page 296 and 297: ‐J. Winkelmann: Alte Denkmäler d
Page 300 and 301: 1846 ‐J. Roebling: Suspension bri
Page 302 and 303: 1872 ‐Yellowstone National Park:
Page 304 and 305: DOWNING, Andrew Jackson, The Fruits
Page 306 and 307: MORSE, F.B. Samuel, Lectures on the
Page 308 and 309: WOODWARD, George Eveston and F.W.,
Page 310 and 311: O’SULLIVAN, John Louis, “Annexa
Page 312 and 313: CIUCCI Giorgio, DAL CO Francesco, M
Page 314 and 315: Ingraham, Karl Kamrath, Elizabeth K
Page 316 and 317: dei timidi, introduzione di Gianni
Page 318 and 319: PECK, Amelia (ed.), Alexander Jacks
Page 320 and 321: TEYSSOT, George (ed.), The American
Page 322 and 323: 1997), Association of Collegiate Sc
Page 324 and 325: SEGAL, Howard P., (review by) “Le
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