building the american landscape - Univerza v Novi Gorici

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together urban and environmental planning.[…] The park was for Olmsted the first tool for freeing the city and his architecture from the slavery of rigid, uniform and mortifying patterns. Here are some features: ; . In other words, the sequence of the parks had to offer the means to overcome the schism between town and countryside, and to fight both the bureaucratic zoning and the social segregation 95 . We believe a brief analysis of a project of suburban settlement, such as Riverside, Illinois [Figure 54], a suburb in the periphery of Chicago, planned by Olmsted and Vaux in 1869, to be of greater interest. In this case, the planners had to make a specific choice: either to retain the characteristic grid of the surrounding territory, or to propose something different, even though they knew they had to assure the feasibility of an intervention using private investment and therefore for speculative reasons. The ground plan for Riverside, the prerequisites of which were resumed by Charles and Frederick Olmsted in the later Plan for Vandergrift, Pennsylvania (1895), is the antithesis of “Manhattanism”, which fascinated Rem Koolhaas in his Delirious New York, since it rejects the typical, geometrical plan of the metropolis. And yet Manhattan, even though it is not America, embodies perfectly the typical elements of the "American layout", as Le Corbusier defined the dense road grille of New York in 1937 96 . Olmsted rejected the grid and drew a series of curvilinear streets, which determined oval blocks of buildings. The overall plan recalls a carpet of leaves under 95 ZEVI, Bruno, “F.L. Olmsted, F. Ll. Wright e il contributo americano” [F.L. Olmsted, F. Ll. Wright and the American contribution], published in ZEVI, Bruno, Pretesti di critica architettonica, Turin, Einaudi, 1983, p. 345 [translation by the editor from Italian]; This text by Zevi is based on the paper The Influence of American Architecture and Urban Planning in the World presented at the conference “200 Years of American History: What difference has it made?”, Washington D.C., during the American bicentennial and published in DAVIS, Allen F., For Better or Worse – The American Influence in the World, Westport (Conn.) and London, Greenwood Press, 1981 96 See LE CORBUSIER, Quand les Chatédral étaient blanches, voyage au pays des timides, 1937 (Italian translation by Irene Alessi, Quando le cattedrali erano bianche, viaggio nel paese dei timidi, introduction by Gianni Contessi, Milan, Christian Marinotti Edizioni, 2003) 56
a tree, and each "leaf" encloses dozens of lots intended to encourage the rich bourgeoisie and the American middle‐class to settle there. However, the project was not limited to the identification of the building lots organized in a functional plan. The intricate interweaving of winding road created numerous oblong or triangular areas, which were intended as communal green spaces. This simple expedient, together with the fact that the buildings were never built on the edge of the road, but were set back a few dozen metres to create varying alignments which would give the built‐up area a rural aspect and hide the presence of the buildings. The Des Plains River, which bordered the project to the South, fuelled this sensation of immersion in a “natural” habitat stretching over an approximately 3x2‐km perimeter. The total project area included 1,600 acres divided slantwise by the railroad. The various private lots wove deep within the “leaves”, and created an apparently homogeneous green lung free of divisions at the centre of the “block”. Thus, the homes at the back had plenty of space and privacy. The design choices adopted show the importance and the uniqueness of this project, in which the planners had conceived not only unbuilt areas, as in the urban park project, but had also indicated the use and the development of the areas intended for buildings. The urban and landscape project was nearly entirely completed and in the following years, buildings were added by numerous architects, such as Daniel Burnham, Louis Sullivan, William Le Baron Jenney and by Calvert Vaux himself. However, as we said previously, the “American layout” began to be undermined by the picturesque English garden. Somehow, the Riverside project refers to a specific precedent: the design for a park by Alexander Jackson Davis (1803‐1892) and Calvert Vaux, which contained a series of dwellings. Conceived in 1857 and implemented two years later, this project was called Llewellyn Park [Figure 55]and was constructed on the outskirts of West Orange, New Jersey. The trend for picturesque planning, begun by Llewellyn Park, the influence of which can be probably traced back to Andrew Jackson Downing, exercised its charm on various constructions in the following decades. 57
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UNIVERSITY OF NOVA GORICA GRADUATE
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Building the American Landscape. Te
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The Oklahoma Land Rush, April 22, 1
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Introduction The purpose of this re
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of the issue of the landscape desig
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especially, during which the intere
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We have tried to do so by suggestin
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colonial settlements were never an
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continued. Under Governor Benjamin
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Nature, agriculture and the languag
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adopted by Jefferson as an architec
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as workshops. Downhill from the Mul
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assessments made with measurements
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Figure 2- Monticello West Elevation
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780 THOMAS JEFFERSON'S MONTICELLO L
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Figure 8- Monticello: 3rd roundabou
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Figure 11- Thomas Jefferson‘s Gar
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Figure 12- Thomas Jefferson‘s Gar
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Agricultural America The English co
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which definitely contributed to the
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legal and commercial documents comp
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overlooking the garden and the road
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The structure was the result of the
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Page 50 and 51: would be turning backward to the Ke
Page 52 and 53: Jefferson, who considered himself a
Page 54 and 55: the world. Americans are the wester
Page 56 and 57: (1736‐1784), the founder of the s
Page 58 and 59: Tidy, mainly horizontal, board fenc
Page 60 and 61: which displayed hundreds of pieces
Page 62 and 63: landscapes and of the towns themsel
Page 64 and 65: Figure 14- Certifi ed copy (1808) o
Page 66 and 67: Figure 16- Origins of plantation ho
Page 68 and 69: Figure 19- Uncle Sam (Constancia) P
Page 71 and 72: Figures 21/21.1- The plantation lan
Page 73 and 74: Figure 24- Live Oaks along the entr
Page 75 and 76: Figure 26- Pricipal facade from the
Page 77 and 78: Figure 29- Plan Scheme of Poplar Fo
Page 79 and 80: Figure 33- Jefferson’s 1809 Popla
Page 81 and 82: Figure 35- Diagram of the south par
Page 83 and 84: Figure 37- Shaker Village, Berkshir
Page 85 and 86: Figure 41-Shaker Church Family Roun
Page 87 and 88: Figure 43- The snake fences in Yate
Page 89 and 90: However, a grid configuration exten
Page 91 and 92: The lands freed from the American I
Page 93 and 94: In the centre of the town there wer
Page 95 and 96: the garden towns and of the satelli
Page 97: and pastoral life. The “middle la
Page 101 and 102: This idea of dedicating a circular
Page 103 and 104: Figure 45- The grid: Clarck County,
Page 105 and 106: Figure 47- The grid system (Land Su
Page 107 and 108: Figure 50- Frank Lloyd Wright, Broa
Page 109 and 110: Figure 52- The grid and the develop
Page 111 and 112: Figure 54- Frederick Law Olmsted, R
Page 113 and 114: Figure 56- Frank Lloyd Wright, Park
Page 115 and 116: Mumford’s search for the characte
Page 117 and 118: the “revelation” can also be se
Page 119 and 120: The old vestiges of the town admire
Page 121 and 122: At this point we should not be surp
Page 123 and 124: Economy was described by Charles No
Page 125 and 126: Among the 41 Fourier‐type communi
Page 127 and 128: He purchased 90 acres of land, but
Page 129 and 130: the Shakers. After an 1842 visit to
Page 131 and 132: Settlements, such as Vineland (1861
Page 133 and 134: garden, much frequented, especially
Page 135 and 136: Several architects of the twentieth
Page 137 and 138: the unusual character of the place:
Page 139 and 140: Figure 57- Views of Community of Ec
Page 141 and 142: Figure 59- Right. Anaheim Plan and
Page 143 and 144: Figure 61- Sketch by Joseph Smith,
Page 145 and 146: Figure 63- Mormon town-planning. Bi
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The “middle landscape” Close me
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the large whitewashed factory>>. Th
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Despite the fact that the pastoral
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Industrial America One’s‐Self I
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of a nineteenth century company‐t
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A large number of works and investm
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designing and constructing the firs
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Schinkel posed the question which s
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All the works came to the astronomi
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Whereas, the agricultural and comme
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Furthermore, the Erie Canal was a p
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sailed downstream in 30. 180 Fulton
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on foot and on horseback animate th
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non‐existent places, such as rive
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Bridge is a good example of the ind
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job of Pony Express. They confirmed
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countryside” 196 . Moreover, the
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Figure 69- The industrial change of
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Figure 71- Birds’ eye view of New
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Figure 74- The map shows character
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Figure 76- Articifi al landscape of
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Figure 80- The natural landscape an
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Figure 82- Pioneer family in front
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Figure 85- Roads and fences in Wino
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Figure 87- John Augustus Roebling:T
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arrels of pork meat>>, often approv
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1845), he incited the United States
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Manifest Destiny began the period o
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First experiences of landscape gard
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In designs for a pleasure‐ground,
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By irony of fate, the first Preside
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construction, deriving from the bal
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was to be clarified during the firs
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Olmsted was particularly impressed
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The search for an ancient landscape
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country, enabled Hotchkiss to becom
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The prospects and developments of t
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Despite the fact that Loudon knew o
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At the same time, studies attempted
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compared to that of John Claudius L
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convinced many architects to dedica
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estricted to his theoretical works.
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architecture. Davis’ landscapes f
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Figure 89- Mount Airy Plantation (C
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Figure 91- Mount Vernon Plantation,
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Figure 93- Plan scheme of the Jeffe
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Figure 97- Thomas Jefferson-View of
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Figure 100- Henry Alexander Scammel
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Figure 102- Almerin Hotchkiss: Bell
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Figure 105- John Claudius Loudon’
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Figure 108- Above: Plan of a common
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Figure 113- Andrew Jackson Downing,
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Figure 115- The situation before Do
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Figure 118- Alexander Jackson Davis
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Landscape as a principle of urban p
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and did not come up to the expectat
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Vaux complemented Olmsted, he had a
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landscape designer could intensify
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of his two sons and of Charles Elio
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Figure 122- Right: Frederick Law Ol
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Figure 124- Frederick Law Olmsted,
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Figure 127- Frederick Law Olmsted,
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the true “line” of change. The
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Association, during the World’s C
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to its interpretation, which would
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means of transport allowed to come
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danger. This reasoning gave rise to
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The Wilderness and the frontier, de
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Figure 129- The Food of our Youth (
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Figure 132- “All the West going f
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Figure 134- A pile of American Biso
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conscience, to which the mass media
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Chronological Table -Events related
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‐J. Winkelmann: Alte Denkmäler d
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1821 ‐Canal Eire from Albany, NY,
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1846 ‐J. Roebling: Suspension bri
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1872 ‐Yellowstone National Park:
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DOWNING, Andrew Jackson, The Fruits
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MORSE, F.B. Samuel, Lectures on the
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WOODWARD, George Eveston and F.W.,
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O’SULLIVAN, John Louis, “Annexa
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CIUCCI Giorgio, DAL CO Francesco, M
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Ingraham, Karl Kamrath, Elizabeth K
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dei timidi, introduzione di Gianni
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PECK, Amelia (ed.), Alexander Jacks
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TEYSSOT, George (ed.), The American
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1997), Association of Collegiate Sc
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SEGAL, Howard P., (review by) “Le
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