building the american landscape - Univerza v Novi Gorici

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of a nineteenth century company‐town was the town of George Pullman (1831‐ 1897), the rich industrialist who invented the well‐known sleeping cars. The Pullman company‐town (1880), 4000 acres of land on the shores of Lake Calumet, south of Chicago, thought to be a model city and attraction during the World Columbian Exposition in 1893, was designed by the architect, Solon Spencer Beman (1853‐ 1914) in answer to the new demands for profit. The dreams of laissez faire were to be abruptly interrupted, not only by contradictions within the system (which regularly off‐loaded social costs on to the workers in times of crisis), but also by the strikes triggered by the trade unions at the end of the century. This made Pullman’s experiment appear to be a paternalistic experience, incapable of pacifying or calming class conflict. Another example was the case of the company‐town of Lowell 157 (1820s), Massachusetts, which not only preceded Pullaman’s birth by more than half a century, but also appears to be of great interest for the implications it presupposed for the landscape [Figure 67]. Designed as a town for the textile sector and planned to exploit the hydraulic force of the rapids of the River Merrimack, Lowell became one of the largest industrial complexes of the United States in just a few decades 158 , and was far more competitive in its own right than a very large number of southern territories. The importance of the geographical location of Lowell also explains the town’s commercial success. The reason why no similar towns existed in the South of the United States was tackled by Stephen Goldfarb in his essay “A Note on Limits to the Growth of the Cotton‐Textile Industry in the Old South” (1982), in which he also clarifies the economic motivations behind the previous affirmations: During the antebellum period the cotton‐textile industry in the South was far smaller than that in the North. As late as 1860 factories in Lowell, Massachusetts, operated more cotton spindles than factories in the eleven southern states combined.[…]The South's early industrialization was impeded by its geography, which separated sites 157 To study the Lowell case in depth cf. COOLIDGE, John, Mill and mansion: a study of architecture and society in Lowell, Massachusetts, 1820‐1865, New York, Columbia University Press, 1942; we recommend referring to the bibliography in this publication. For further details, see LOWELL Trades and Labour Council (ed.), Lowell, a city of spindles, Lowell, Lawler & Company, printers, 1900 158 See CLARK, Victor S., History of Manufactures in the United States 1607‐1860, 3 vols., New York, published for the Carnegie Institution of Washington, McGraw‐Hill book company inc., 1916 93
containing falling water, the most suitable motive power, by considerable distances from easy access to national markets. This obstacle, which was overcome by the growth of the southern railroads after the Civil War, limited large‐scale southern industry to a few locations. In New England, where this obstacle was all but nonexistent, the textile industry grew to be the country's first great industry, accounting in 1860 for "about one‐sixteenth of the aggregate of all branches of industry”. The center of the large, integrated New England textile industry was the Merrimack River valley. Lowell, Massachusetts, was the first of the great mill towns of the Merrimack and in 1860 the largest. Located at the Pawtucket Falls of the Merrimack, the textile mills of Lowell were powered by approximately 6,000 cubic feet of water per second, which produced about 10,000 horsepower as it fell through the wheels and turbines of the factories, guided there by a complex system of canals. Of equal importance were Lowell's transportation links to national and international markets by way of Boston, first through the Middlesex Canal, opened in 1803 when Lowell was just a trading village, and then by the Boston and Lowell Railroad, completed in 159 . The changes carried out in the Lowell textile industry placed the productive force of the machines in direct contact with the force of water. The landscape of Lowell thus involved elements of the natural landscape in the industrial process, and ideally stretched factory organisation by means of a close network of canals to service the textile mills [Figures 68‐69]. The productive objectives remained evident for a long time, to such an extent that a study made in 1923 by Harry Chamberlain Meserve (1868‐1925), secretary of the National Association of Cotton Manufactures defined Lowell as “an industrial dream come true” 160 . The territory occupied by the town of Lowell once represented capital for an Indian settlement named Wamesit, but the rights to use the land had already been taken from the natives in 1726 by the English. “The site of Lowell was chosen purely for textile purposes. The definite plan grew out of its location at available water power. Other advantages and disadvantages were weighed over against this matter of primary importance. The practicability of textile manufacturing at this particular place was the determining factor 161 . 159 GOLDFARB, Stephen J., “A Note on Limits to the Growth of the Cotton‐Textile Industry in the Old South”, published in The Journal of Southern History, Vol. 48, No. 4 (Nov., 1982), pp. 545‐558, pp. 545 and 549 160 MESERVE, Herry C., Lowell‐ an industrial dream come true, Boston, The National Association of Cotton Manufactures, Massachusetts, 1923 161 Ibid., p.45 94
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UNIVERSITY OF NOVA GORICA GRADUATE
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Building the American Landscape. Te
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The Oklahoma Land Rush, April 22, 1
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Introduction The purpose of this re
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of the issue of the landscape desig
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especially, during which the intere
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We have tried to do so by suggestin
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colonial settlements were never an
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continued. Under Governor Benjamin
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Nature, agriculture and the languag
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adopted by Jefferson as an architec
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as workshops. Downhill from the Mul
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assessments made with measurements
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Figure 2- Monticello West Elevation
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780 THOMAS JEFFERSON'S MONTICELLO L
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Figure 8- Monticello: 3rd roundabou
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Figure 11- Thomas Jefferson‘s Gar
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Figure 12- Thomas Jefferson‘s Gar
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Agricultural America The English co
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which definitely contributed to the
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legal and commercial documents comp
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overlooking the garden and the road
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The structure was the result of the
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destroyed during the Civil War, bec
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would be turning backward to the Ke
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Jefferson, who considered himself a
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the world. Americans are the wester
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(1736‐1784), the founder of the s
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Tidy, mainly horizontal, board fenc
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which displayed hundreds of pieces
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landscapes and of the towns themsel
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Figure 14- Certifi ed copy (1808) o
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Figure 16- Origins of plantation ho
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Figure 19- Uncle Sam (Constancia) P
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Figures 21/21.1- The plantation lan
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Figure 24- Live Oaks along the entr
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Figure 26- Pricipal facade from the
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Figure 29- Plan Scheme of Poplar Fo
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Figure 33- Jefferson’s 1809 Popla
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Figure 35- Diagram of the south par
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Figure 37- Shaker Village, Berkshir
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Figure 41-Shaker Church Family Roun
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Figure 43- The snake fences in Yate
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However, a grid configuration exten
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The lands freed from the American I
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In the centre of the town there wer
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the garden towns and of the satelli
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and pastoral life. The “middle la
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a tree, and each "leaf" encloses do
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This idea of dedicating a circular
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Figure 45- The grid: Clarck County,
Page 105 and 106: Figure 47- The grid system (Land Su
Page 107 and 108: Figure 50- Frank Lloyd Wright, Broa
Page 109 and 110: Figure 52- The grid and the develop
Page 111 and 112: Figure 54- Frederick Law Olmsted, R
Page 113 and 114: Figure 56- Frank Lloyd Wright, Park
Page 115 and 116: Mumford’s search for the characte
Page 117 and 118: the “revelation” can also be se
Page 119 and 120: The old vestiges of the town admire
Page 121 and 122: At this point we should not be surp
Page 123 and 124: Economy was described by Charles No
Page 125 and 126: Among the 41 Fourier‐type communi
Page 127 and 128: He purchased 90 acres of land, but
Page 129 and 130: the Shakers. After an 1842 visit to
Page 131 and 132: Settlements, such as Vineland (1861
Page 133 and 134: garden, much frequented, especially
Page 135 and 136: Several architects of the twentieth
Page 137 and 138: the unusual character of the place:
Page 139 and 140: Figure 57- Views of Community of Ec
Page 141 and 142: Figure 59- Right. Anaheim Plan and
Page 143 and 144: Figure 61- Sketch by Joseph Smith,
Page 145 and 146: Figure 63- Mormon town-planning. Bi
Page 148 and 149: The “middle landscape” Close me
Page 150 and 151: the large whitewashed factory>>. Th
Page 152 and 153: Despite the fact that the pastoral
Page 154 and 155: Industrial America One’s‐Self I
Page 158 and 159: A large number of works and investm
Page 160 and 161: designing and constructing the firs
Page 162 and 163: Schinkel posed the question which s
Page 164 and 165: All the works came to the astronomi
Page 166 and 167: Whereas, the agricultural and comme
Page 168 and 169: Furthermore, the Erie Canal was a p
Page 170 and 171: sailed downstream in 30. 180 Fulton
Page 172 and 173: on foot and on horseback animate th
Page 174 and 175: non‐existent places, such as rive
Page 176 and 177: Bridge is a good example of the ind
Page 178 and 179: job of Pony Express. They confirmed
Page 180 and 181: countryside” 196 . Moreover, the
Page 182 and 183: Figure 69- The industrial change of
Page 184 and 185: Figure 71- Birds’ eye view of New
Page 186 and 187: Figure 74- The map shows character
Page 188 and 189: Figure 76- Articifi al landscape of
Page 190 and 191: Figure 80- The natural landscape an
Page 192 and 193: Figure 82- Pioneer family in front
Page 194 and 195: Figure 85- Roads and fences in Wino
Page 196 and 197: Figure 87- John Augustus Roebling:T
Page 198 and 199: arrels of pork meat>>, often approv
Page 200 and 201: 1845), he incited the United States
Page 202 and 203: Manifest Destiny began the period o
Page 204 and 205: First experiences of landscape gard
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In designs for a pleasure‐ground,
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By irony of fate, the first Preside
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construction, deriving from the bal
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was to be clarified during the firs
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Olmsted was particularly impressed
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The search for an ancient landscape
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country, enabled Hotchkiss to becom
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The prospects and developments of t
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Despite the fact that Loudon knew o
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At the same time, studies attempted
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compared to that of John Claudius L
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convinced many architects to dedica
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estricted to his theoretical works.
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architecture. Davis’ landscapes f
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Figure 89- Mount Airy Plantation (C
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Figure 91- Mount Vernon Plantation,
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Figure 93- Plan scheme of the Jeffe
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Figure 97- Thomas Jefferson-View of
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Figure 100- Henry Alexander Scammel
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Figure 102- Almerin Hotchkiss: Bell
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Figure 105- John Claudius Loudon’
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Figure 108- Above: Plan of a common
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Figure 113- Andrew Jackson Downing,
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Figure 115- The situation before Do
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Figure 118- Alexander Jackson Davis
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Landscape as a principle of urban p
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and did not come up to the expectat
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Vaux complemented Olmsted, he had a
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landscape designer could intensify
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of his two sons and of Charles Elio
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Figure 122- Right: Frederick Law Ol
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Figure 124- Frederick Law Olmsted,
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Figure 127- Frederick Law Olmsted,
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the true “line” of change. The
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Association, during the World’s C
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to its interpretation, which would
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means of transport allowed to come
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danger. This reasoning gave rise to
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The Wilderness and the frontier, de
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Figure 129- The Food of our Youth (
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Figure 132- “All the West going f
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Figure 134- A pile of American Biso
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conscience, to which the mass media
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Chronological Table -Events related
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‐J. Winkelmann: Alte Denkmäler d
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1821 ‐Canal Eire from Albany, NY,
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1846 ‐J. Roebling: Suspension bri
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1872 ‐Yellowstone National Park:
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DOWNING, Andrew Jackson, The Fruits
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MORSE, F.B. Samuel, Lectures on the
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WOODWARD, George Eveston and F.W.,
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O’SULLIVAN, John Louis, “Annexa
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CIUCCI Giorgio, DAL CO Francesco, M
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Ingraham, Karl Kamrath, Elizabeth K
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dei timidi, introduzione di Gianni
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PECK, Amelia (ed.), Alexander Jacks
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TEYSSOT, George (ed.), The American
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1997), Association of Collegiate Sc
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SEGAL, Howard P., (review by) “Le
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