building the american landscape - Univerza v Novi Gorici

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overlooking the garden and the road and finally, slender columns supporting the overhang, which gave shade to an old black man sitting on a rocking chair. The second architectural model was based on the new, neo‐classical, stylistic elements of American architecture, the so‐called federal‐style architecture 40 . References to this model date back to Italian Renaissance architecture and, in the some cases, to the Greek model, which occasionally gave rise to questionable revivals. Used for buildings which resembled more closely the cottages and the bungalows described above, this style was also used to celebrate the power and commercial achievement of the estate owner. The main feature of the buildings which adopted this specific architectural style was a large loggia on the main façade, almost an archetype common to Creole architecture. Instead, the façade stood out for the use of a giant sequence of columns, which gave unity and a stereometric structure to the building, nearly always designed with two storeys and a possible attic or mansard. There are numerous, widespread examples of manor houses, which are significant for their architectural and/or landscape value, throughout the Southern States. Louisiana, in particular, offers diversified situations: The Destrehan Plantation House, St. Charles Parish, Louisiana (1787‐90), the Homeplace Plantation House, St. Charles Parish, Louisiana (1787) [Figure 17], Laura Plantation, Vacherie, Louisiana (1820), the Uncle Sam (Constancia) Plantation, St. James Parish, Louisiana (1829‐43) 41 [Figure 19], the Houmas House Plantation and Gardens, Burnside, Louisiana (1840), the San Francisco Plantation House, Garyville, Louisiana (1849‐56), the Dunleith Mansion, Natchez, Mississippi (1858). Among the many Louisiana landscapes, one of the most important is the Rosedown Plantation’s 42 , St. Francisville, (1835) [Figure 18]. The owner’s house of this plantation was conceived as the central element of a wide park‐garden (28 acres), 40 See CRAIG, Lois A., The Federal Presence: Architecture, Politics and Symbol in United States Government Building, Cambridge, MIT Press, 1978 41 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Sam_Plantation , URL visited May 31, 2012 42 See the bibliography and the landscape description and analysis in the National Historic Landmark nomination form by FRICKER, Donna and TURNER Suzanne: Link download: http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NHLS/Text/01000765.pdf URL visited May 31, 2012 27
which recreated various formal situations influenced by the French, the English and the Italian [Figure 20]. In his book Gardens and Historic Plants of the Antebellum South (2003), James Cothran describes some elements of the landscape, common to various housing complexes of the plantations: "during the antebellum period, with few exceptions, southerners remained wedded to formality and the principles of geometric garden design that had prevailed throughout the colonial period. Not only did geometric elements fit within the context of a symmetrical house and garden plan, but formalized landscape features […] reflected a control over nature and served as a means of conveying wealth, taste and social prestige" 43 . However, the unquestionable icon of all the landscapes of the Old South is Oak Alley House (1837‐39) [Figure 26], designed in St. James Parish, Louisiana, by Gilbert Joseph Pilie on behalf of Jacques Telesphore Roman, a sugar cane planter and owner of the estate on the shore of the Mississippi River. The ground of the plantation is a long rectangle in shape, placed perpendicular to the river[Figures 22‐23]. This particular arrangement probably originated in the “typical French pattern of long, narrow farms running back from the water’s edge” 44 . A 1764 map of Detroit, reproduced by Reps 45 in Town planning in Frontier America, shows the French system of subdivision of the land, as highlighted by some plots aligned along the river outside the small town. It was Reps himself who confirmed that the system was applied for the first time in Canada, to the settlements along the Saint Lawrence River, and later around New Orleans, along the Mississippi River. In 1858, the use of this system to divide the land was verified by Norman’s Chart Of The Lower Mississippi River [Figure 21‐22], which highlighted the designation of the various plantations (usually cotton and sugar cane) and identified their ownership. 43 FRICKER, and TURNER, “National Historic Landmark document”, p. 24: Link download: http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NHLS/Text/01000765.pdf URL visited May 31, 2012 44 REPS, John William, Town Planning in Frontier America, Princeton, University Press, 1969 [first ed. 1965] p. 86 (Italian translation by M. Terni, S. Magistretti, La costruzione dell’America urbana; introduction by Francesco Dal Co, Milano, Franco Angeli, 1976, p. 98) 45 Ibid. p. 97. This drawing of Detroit is the earliest printed map of the city. 28
Page 1: UNIVERSITY OF NOVA GORICA GRADUATE
Page 4 and 5: Building the American Landscape. Te
Page 6 and 7: The Oklahoma Land Rush, April 22, 1
Page 8 and 9: Introduction The purpose of this re
Page 10 and 11: of the issue of the landscape desig
Page 12 and 13: especially, during which the intere
Page 14 and 15: We have tried to do so by suggestin
Page 16 and 17: colonial settlements were never an
Page 18 and 19: continued. Under Governor Benjamin
Page 20 and 21: Nature, agriculture and the languag
Page 22 and 23: adopted by Jefferson as an architec
Page 24 and 25: as workshops. Downhill from the Mul
Page 26 and 27: assessments made with measurements
Page 28 and 29: Figure 2- Monticello West Elevation
Page 30 and 31: 780 THOMAS JEFFERSON'S MONTICELLO L
Page 32 and 33: Figure 8- Monticello: 3rd roundabou
Page 34 and 35: Figure 11- Thomas Jefferson‘s Gar
Page 36 and 37: Figure 12- Thomas Jefferson‘s Gar
Page 38 and 39: Agricultural America The English co
Page 40 and 41: which definitely contributed to the
Page 42 and 43: legal and commercial documents comp
Page 46 and 47: The structure was the result of the
Page 48 and 49: destroyed during the Civil War, bec
Page 50 and 51: would be turning backward to the Ke
Page 52 and 53: Jefferson, who considered himself a
Page 54 and 55: the world. Americans are the wester
Page 56 and 57: (1736‐1784), the founder of the s
Page 58 and 59: Tidy, mainly horizontal, board fenc
Page 60 and 61: which displayed hundreds of pieces
Page 62 and 63: landscapes and of the towns themsel
Page 64 and 65: Figure 14- Certifi ed copy (1808) o
Page 66 and 67: Figure 16- Origins of plantation ho
Page 68 and 69: Figure 19- Uncle Sam (Constancia) P
Page 71 and 72: Figures 21/21.1- The plantation lan
Page 73 and 74: Figure 24- Live Oaks along the entr
Page 75 and 76: Figure 26- Pricipal facade from the
Page 77 and 78: Figure 29- Plan Scheme of Poplar Fo
Page 79 and 80: Figure 33- Jefferson’s 1809 Popla
Page 81 and 82: Figure 35- Diagram of the south par
Page 83 and 84: Figure 37- Shaker Village, Berkshir
Page 85 and 86: Figure 41-Shaker Church Family Roun
Page 87 and 88: Figure 43- The snake fences in Yate
Page 89 and 90: However, a grid configuration exten
Page 91 and 92: The lands freed from the American I
Page 93 and 94: In the centre of the town there wer
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the garden towns and of the satelli
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and pastoral life. The “middle la
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a tree, and each "leaf" encloses do
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This idea of dedicating a circular
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Figure 45- The grid: Clarck County,
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Figure 47- The grid system (Land Su
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Figure 50- Frank Lloyd Wright, Broa
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Figure 52- The grid and the develop
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Figure 54- Frederick Law Olmsted, R
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Figure 56- Frank Lloyd Wright, Park
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Mumford’s search for the characte
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the “revelation” can also be se
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The old vestiges of the town admire
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At this point we should not be surp
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Economy was described by Charles No
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Among the 41 Fourier‐type communi
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He purchased 90 acres of land, but
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the Shakers. After an 1842 visit to
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Settlements, such as Vineland (1861
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garden, much frequented, especially
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Several architects of the twentieth
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the unusual character of the place:
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Figure 57- Views of Community of Ec
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Figure 59- Right. Anaheim Plan and
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Figure 61- Sketch by Joseph Smith,
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Figure 63- Mormon town-planning. Bi
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The “middle landscape” Close me
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the large whitewashed factory>>. Th
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Despite the fact that the pastoral
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Industrial America One’s‐Self I
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of a nineteenth century company‐t
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A large number of works and investm
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designing and constructing the firs
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Schinkel posed the question which s
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All the works came to the astronomi
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Whereas, the agricultural and comme
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Furthermore, the Erie Canal was a p
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sailed downstream in 30. 180 Fulton
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on foot and on horseback animate th
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non‐existent places, such as rive
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Bridge is a good example of the ind
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job of Pony Express. They confirmed
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countryside” 196 . Moreover, the
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Figure 69- The industrial change of
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Figure 71- Birds’ eye view of New
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Figure 74- The map shows character
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Figure 76- Articifi al landscape of
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Figure 80- The natural landscape an
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Figure 82- Pioneer family in front
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Figure 85- Roads and fences in Wino
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Figure 87- John Augustus Roebling:T
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arrels of pork meat>>, often approv
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1845), he incited the United States
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Manifest Destiny began the period o
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First experiences of landscape gard
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In designs for a pleasure‐ground,
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By irony of fate, the first Preside
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construction, deriving from the bal
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was to be clarified during the firs
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Olmsted was particularly impressed
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The search for an ancient landscape
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country, enabled Hotchkiss to becom
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The prospects and developments of t
Page 222 and 223:
Despite the fact that Loudon knew o
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At the same time, studies attempted
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compared to that of John Claudius L
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convinced many architects to dedica
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estricted to his theoretical works.
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architecture. Davis’ landscapes f
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Figure 89- Mount Airy Plantation (C
Page 236 and 237:
Figure 91- Mount Vernon Plantation,
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Figure 93- Plan scheme of the Jeffe
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Figure 97- Thomas Jefferson-View of
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Figure 100- Henry Alexander Scammel
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Figure 102- Almerin Hotchkiss: Bell
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Figure 105- John Claudius Loudon’
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Figure 108- Above: Plan of a common
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Figure 113- Andrew Jackson Downing,
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Figure 115- The situation before Do
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Figure 118- Alexander Jackson Davis
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Landscape as a principle of urban p
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and did not come up to the expectat
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Vaux complemented Olmsted, he had a
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landscape designer could intensify
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of his two sons and of Charles Elio
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Figure 122- Right: Frederick Law Ol
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Figure 124- Frederick Law Olmsted,
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Figure 127- Frederick Law Olmsted,
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the true “line” of change. The
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Association, during the World’s C
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to its interpretation, which would
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means of transport allowed to come
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danger. This reasoning gave rise to
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The Wilderness and the frontier, de
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Figure 129- The Food of our Youth (
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Figure 132- “All the West going f
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Figure 134- A pile of American Biso
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conscience, to which the mass media
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Chronological Table -Events related
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‐J. Winkelmann: Alte Denkmäler d
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1821 ‐Canal Eire from Albany, NY,
Page 300 and 301:
1846 ‐J. Roebling: Suspension bri
Page 302 and 303:
1872 ‐Yellowstone National Park:
Page 304 and 305:
DOWNING, Andrew Jackson, The Fruits
Page 306 and 307:
MORSE, F.B. Samuel, Lectures on the
Page 308 and 309:
WOODWARD, George Eveston and F.W.,
Page 310 and 311:
O’SULLIVAN, John Louis, “Annexa
Page 312 and 313:
CIUCCI Giorgio, DAL CO Francesco, M
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Ingraham, Karl Kamrath, Elizabeth K
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dei timidi, introduzione di Gianni
Page 318 and 319:
PECK, Amelia (ed.), Alexander Jacks
Page 320 and 321:
TEYSSOT, George (ed.), The American
Page 322 and 323:
1997), Association of Collegiate Sc
Page 324 and 325:
SEGAL, Howard P., (review by) “Le
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