building the american landscape - Univerza v Novi Gorici

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and did not come up to the expectations of the construction development they envisaged. Subsequently, the borders of the area were extended from the 59th street to the 106th, to include the area of the Croton Reservoir, an artificial water basin, the final part in the Croton System, a major work of hydraulic engineering to exploit the waters of the River Croton. It was only in 1859 that the area planned for in the project took on the current shape, which goes from the 59th street as far as 110th street, and in 1863 the city administration bought the remaining portions of land between the 106th street and the 110th [Figures 121‐122]. As Lewis Mumford said, the cultural movement in favour of public parks gained the support of the general public in the 1860s and the numerous works by Frederick Law Olmsted gave the cause the decisive push, despite the fact that during the period following the Civil War there were heated discussions about less exploitation of natural resources. 257 Olmsted was the person who revised the passionate demands for romantic nature, expressed by the Conservation Movement and by the Park Movement, and gave them a statute of method, which aimed to redress the incongruencies and rebalance the deficiencies of industrial development. It was Lewis Mumford, who highlighted the precise, cultural role played by the landscapes architects in the fight against blackguardly development, begun by a system of territorial government based on the grid. Olmsted, for example, proved with projects such as Riverside [Figure 54] that alternative solutions were possible and popular prejudice in favour of monotony dictated by the anonymous repetition of rectangular lots could be broken. Up until 1857, the year of the competition to design Central Park, Olmsted had shown interest in agriculture and had taken care of a farm committed to experimental cultivation techniques. He had written numerous observations of the landscape in a series of journeys through Europe and in the southern regions of the United State as a newspaper correspondent. 257 MUMFORD, Lewis, The Brown Decades, Harcourt, Brace and Company, New York, 1931, pp.35‐36 (Italian translation edited by Francesco Dal Co, Architettura e cultura in America, dalla guerra civile all’ ultima frontiera, Venice, Marsilio, 1977, pp.73‐74) 156
The result of these journeys were the previously mentioned books, Walks and Talks of an American Farmer in England (1852) and a series of writings published between 1856 and 1857, and gathered in a collection entitled Journeys and Explorations in the Cotton Kingdom (1861), 258 which were an analytical description of life on the southern plantations without the melodramatic stereotypes of the anti‐slavery novels. However, the importance of his English account is most significant in his history of the beginnings of contemporary landscape design. When Olmsted published the books Walks and Talks of an American Farmer in England, he dedicated the first volume to George Geddes 259 (1809‐1883), a wellknown politician from New York and his mentor for agriculture, whereas the second volume paid homage with a less personal reference to the figure of Andrew Jackson Downing. Olmsted’s training, therefore, was influenced by his direct experiences and firsthand observations, which convinced him to follow the popular ideas of the picturesque, thus definitively endorsing the passage from rigid geometry to inherent, winding shapes. Olmsted’s approach was not, therefore, prone to theoretical or profane enthusiasm and for this very reason he was not lured to join in with the fashion of the time. In 1857, he had acquired sufficient authority to present his own curriculum to the commissioners in charge of the creation of Central Park. With the support of people of the calibre of Washington Irving, Horace Greeley and William Cullen Bryant, he was elected Park superintendant and was able to edge closer to the world of landscape design. As soon as he heard of the design competition (1858) to develop the Park, he decided to ask permission from the head engineer, his superior, to take part and joined forces with Calvert Vaux. 258 Journeys and Explorations in the Cotton Kingdom (1861) by Olmsted is an abridged version of his dispatches to the New York Times collected in three volumes: A Journey in the Seaboard Slave States (1856), A Journey Through Texas (1857), A Journey in the Back Country in the Winter of 1853‐ 1854 (1860) 259 George Geddes (1809‐1883) was an engineer, agronomist and politician from New York. He was a member of the New York Senate and was well‐known in agricultural circle for his model farm at Fairmount. He also built the first plank road in America (1846) an interesting model of a wooden road covered with a series of planks, which was very common in the Midwest and Northwest of the US during the 1850s. 157
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UNIVERSITY OF NOVA GORICA GRADUATE
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Building the American Landscape. Te
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The Oklahoma Land Rush, April 22, 1
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Introduction The purpose of this re
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of the issue of the landscape desig
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especially, during which the intere
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We have tried to do so by suggestin
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colonial settlements were never an
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continued. Under Governor Benjamin
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Nature, agriculture and the languag
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adopted by Jefferson as an architec
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as workshops. Downhill from the Mul
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assessments made with measurements
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Figure 2- Monticello West Elevation
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780 THOMAS JEFFERSON'S MONTICELLO L
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Figure 8- Monticello: 3rd roundabou
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Figure 11- Thomas Jefferson‘s Gar
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Figure 12- Thomas Jefferson‘s Gar
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Agricultural America The English co
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which definitely contributed to the
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legal and commercial documents comp
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overlooking the garden and the road
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The structure was the result of the
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destroyed during the Civil War, bec
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would be turning backward to the Ke
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Jefferson, who considered himself a
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the world. Americans are the wester
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(1736‐1784), the founder of the s
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Tidy, mainly horizontal, board fenc
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which displayed hundreds of pieces
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landscapes and of the towns themsel
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Figure 14- Certifi ed copy (1808) o
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Figure 16- Origins of plantation ho
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Figure 19- Uncle Sam (Constancia) P
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Figures 21/21.1- The plantation lan
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Figure 24- Live Oaks along the entr
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Figure 26- Pricipal facade from the
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Figure 29- Plan Scheme of Poplar Fo
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Figure 33- Jefferson’s 1809 Popla
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Figure 35- Diagram of the south par
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Figure 37- Shaker Village, Berkshir
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Figure 41-Shaker Church Family Roun
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Figure 43- The snake fences in Yate
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However, a grid configuration exten
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The lands freed from the American I
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In the centre of the town there wer
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the garden towns and of the satelli
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and pastoral life. The “middle la
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a tree, and each "leaf" encloses do
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This idea of dedicating a circular
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Figure 45- The grid: Clarck County,
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Figure 47- The grid system (Land Su
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Figure 50- Frank Lloyd Wright, Broa
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Figure 52- The grid and the develop
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Figure 54- Frederick Law Olmsted, R
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Figure 56- Frank Lloyd Wright, Park
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Mumford’s search for the characte
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the “revelation” can also be se
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The old vestiges of the town admire
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At this point we should not be surp
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Economy was described by Charles No
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Among the 41 Fourier‐type communi
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He purchased 90 acres of land, but
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the Shakers. After an 1842 visit to
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Settlements, such as Vineland (1861
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garden, much frequented, especially
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Several architects of the twentieth
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the unusual character of the place:
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Figure 57- Views of Community of Ec
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Figure 59- Right. Anaheim Plan and
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Figure 61- Sketch by Joseph Smith,
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Figure 63- Mormon town-planning. Bi
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The “middle landscape” Close me
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the large whitewashed factory>>. Th
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Despite the fact that the pastoral
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Industrial America One’s‐Self I
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of a nineteenth century company‐t
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A large number of works and investm
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designing and constructing the firs
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Schinkel posed the question which s
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All the works came to the astronomi
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Whereas, the agricultural and comme
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Furthermore, the Erie Canal was a p
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sailed downstream in 30. 180 Fulton
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on foot and on horseback animate th
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non‐existent places, such as rive
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Bridge is a good example of the ind
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job of Pony Express. They confirmed
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countryside” 196 . Moreover, the
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Figure 69- The industrial change of
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Figure 71- Birds’ eye view of New
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Figure 74- The map shows character
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Figure 76- Articifi al landscape of
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Figure 80- The natural landscape an
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Figure 82- Pioneer family in front
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Figure 85- Roads and fences in Wino
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Figure 87- John Augustus Roebling:T
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arrels of pork meat>>, often approv
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1845), he incited the United States
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Manifest Destiny began the period o
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First experiences of landscape gard
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In designs for a pleasure‐ground,
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By irony of fate, the first Preside
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Page 222 and 223: Despite the fact that Loudon knew o
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Page 228 and 229: convinced many architects to dedica
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Page 232 and 233: architecture. Davis’ landscapes f
Page 234 and 235: Figure 89- Mount Airy Plantation (C
Page 236 and 237: Figure 91- Mount Vernon Plantation,
Page 238: Figure 93- Plan scheme of the Jeffe
Page 241 and 242: Figure 97- Thomas Jefferson-View of
Page 243 and 244: Figure 100- Henry Alexander Scammel
Page 245 and 246: Figure 102- Almerin Hotchkiss: Bell
Page 247 and 248: Figure 105- John Claudius Loudon’
Page 249: Figure 108- Above: Plan of a common
Page 252 and 253: Figure 113- Andrew Jackson Downing,
Page 254 and 255: Figure 115- The situation before Do
Page 256 and 257: Figure 118- Alexander Jackson Davis
Page 258 and 259: Landscape as a principle of urban p
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Page 266 and 267: of his two sons and of Charles Elio
Page 268 and 269: Figure 122- Right: Frederick Law Ol
Page 270 and 271: Figure 124- Frederick Law Olmsted,
Page 272 and 273: Figure 127- Frederick Law Olmsted,
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Page 276 and 277: Association, during the World’s C
Page 278 and 279: to its interpretation, which would
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Page 288 and 289: Figure 132- “All the West going f
Page 290 and 291: Figure 134- A pile of American Biso
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Page 294 and 295: Chronological Table -Events related
Page 296 and 297: ‐J. Winkelmann: Alte Denkmäler d
Page 298 and 299: 1821 ‐Canal Eire from Albany, NY,
Page 300 and 301: 1846 ‐J. Roebling: Suspension bri
Page 302 and 303: 1872 ‐Yellowstone National Park:
Page 304 and 305: DOWNING, Andrew Jackson, The Fruits
Page 306 and 307: MORSE, F.B. Samuel, Lectures on the
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O’SULLIVAN, John Louis, “Annexa
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CIUCCI Giorgio, DAL CO Francesco, M
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Ingraham, Karl Kamrath, Elizabeth K
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dei timidi, introduzione di Gianni
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PECK, Amelia (ed.), Alexander Jacks
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TEYSSOT, George (ed.), The American
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1997), Association of Collegiate Sc
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SEGAL, Howard P., (review by) “Le
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