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estricted to his theoretical works. Downing was frequently called by rich, private individuals to give landscaping and architectural advice, work in which he used his vast repertory of solutions he had described in his texts. Almost nothing remains of these interventions as a result of transformations over the years, 252 and his analysis of the project for the layout of the Mall in Washington [Figures 115‐117]. Downing was invited by the President of the United States, Millard Fillmore (1800‐ 1874) to prepare the general plan for a large L‐shaped area between the Capitol Building and the White House, at the time known as the public grounds [Figure 116]. The intention was to design and draw up a proposal for a layout to be developed on a large portion of the city, which had yet to be determined. Washington was founded on the basis of guidelines prepared by Pierre Charles L’Enfant in 1791 and attention at the time had focused on the geometric design of the blocks. The ground plan had created a design featuring alternating streets on a grid, with wide diagonal boulevards converging on the government buildings. L’Enfant’s idea was that the area of the Mall should accommodate a scenic Grand Avenue of extraordinary magnificence [Figure 115]. Downing’s proposal, however, rejected this rigid geometric design and was set out as a picturesque utopia, a town planning experiment aiming to mediate the relationship between the architecture of power, the city and the countryside. Downing’s project for the Mall in Washington was not merely a landscape project, but rather it sparked the emerging problem of large scale town planning. So, for the first time, landscaping played a part in a proposal to develop the city. The solution to adopt a landscape plan, moreover, gave the opportunity to soften some of the incongruent styles of the buildings overlooking the public grounds. The construction of the headquarters of the Smithsonian Institution, nicknamed The Castle as a result of the project designed by James Renwick Jr. (1818‐1895), had undermined the uniform style of the area which was based on the Neo‐classical codes of the federal (Greek) style. 252 Springside, Poughkeepsie, New York, (1850) remains the only surviving landscape work by Andrew Jackson Downing, which he followed from creation to completion. The landscape of Springside embraced the natural forests and environment and designed the architectures and the layout of farm and cultivated grounds. At least two of Downing’s planned buildings were built (a barn and a gardener’s cottage) and the main house planned remained only a drawing. 150
Thus, Downing’s ideas endorsed the aesthetic renewal at a time when landscape gardening was no longer restricted to private, rich individuals or to initiatives by horticultural societies. However much Downing distanced himself from the naturalistic scenes of the frontier, he was undoubtedly aware of the existence of the “sublime” landscapes of the wilderness, which sparked the demand by citizens of the American metropolis for green areas in the heart of the large, built‐up, urban areas. Therefore, the chance to tackle a large public project also brought to light the possibility of blending nature and the metropolis. However, the relationship between town and park was the part Downing investigated least, and perhaps he intentionally refused to include thick barriers of vegetation along the perimeter of the area [Figure 117]. Downing dreamt of a project organised into a succession of five large gardens, crossed by winding paths flanked by an existing waterway. A sixth area sloped gently down towards the River Potomac and was the culmination of undulating ground [Figure 116]. The obelisk in memory of Washington, a work by Robert Mills (1781‐1855), was placed at the beginning of this area, opposite the White House, in line with the Capitol Building, the construction of which had begun a few years earlier. Downing’s project was only partially completed due to lack of funding and it was completely destroyed when the public grounds were used to station troops during the Civil War. Unfortunately, very few of Downing’s projects have survived and he was not as successful professionally as Alexander Jackson Davis, many of whose works are still to be seen. Davis not only worked with Downing, he was also an architect, talented designer and expert builder. After a profitable period of experimenting with the classical style, he decided to dedicate himself to projects for country houses. Among his many house projects, one of the most famous from an architectural point of view was most certainly Lyndhurst Mansion, Tarrytown, New York (1838) [Figure 118], an example of Gothic Revival, built along the banks of the Hudson. Davis’ ideas on landscape followed in the footsteps of Downing’s, but showed a strong feeling for 151
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UNIVERSITY OF NOVA GORICA GRADUATE
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Building the American Landscape. Te
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The Oklahoma Land Rush, April 22, 1
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Introduction The purpose of this re
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of the issue of the landscape desig
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especially, during which the intere
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We have tried to do so by suggestin
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colonial settlements were never an
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continued. Under Governor Benjamin
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Nature, agriculture and the languag
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adopted by Jefferson as an architec
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as workshops. Downhill from the Mul
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assessments made with measurements
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Figure 2- Monticello West Elevation
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780 THOMAS JEFFERSON'S MONTICELLO L
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Figure 8- Monticello: 3rd roundabou
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Figure 11- Thomas Jefferson‘s Gar
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Figure 12- Thomas Jefferson‘s Gar
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Agricultural America The English co
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which definitely contributed to the
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legal and commercial documents comp
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overlooking the garden and the road
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The structure was the result of the
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destroyed during the Civil War, bec
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would be turning backward to the Ke
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Jefferson, who considered himself a
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the world. Americans are the wester
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(1736‐1784), the founder of the s
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Tidy, mainly horizontal, board fenc
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which displayed hundreds of pieces
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landscapes and of the towns themsel
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Figure 14- Certifi ed copy (1808) o
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Figure 16- Origins of plantation ho
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Figure 19- Uncle Sam (Constancia) P
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Figures 21/21.1- The plantation lan
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Figure 24- Live Oaks along the entr
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Figure 26- Pricipal facade from the
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Figure 29- Plan Scheme of Poplar Fo
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Figure 33- Jefferson’s 1809 Popla
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Figure 35- Diagram of the south par
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Figure 37- Shaker Village, Berkshir
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Figure 41-Shaker Church Family Roun
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Figure 43- The snake fences in Yate
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However, a grid configuration exten
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The lands freed from the American I
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In the centre of the town there wer
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the garden towns and of the satelli
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and pastoral life. The “middle la
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a tree, and each "leaf" encloses do
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This idea of dedicating a circular
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Figure 45- The grid: Clarck County,
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Figure 47- The grid system (Land Su
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Figure 50- Frank Lloyd Wright, Broa
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Figure 52- The grid and the develop
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Figure 54- Frederick Law Olmsted, R
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Figure 56- Frank Lloyd Wright, Park
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Mumford’s search for the characte
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the “revelation” can also be se
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The old vestiges of the town admire
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At this point we should not be surp
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Economy was described by Charles No
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Among the 41 Fourier‐type communi
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He purchased 90 acres of land, but
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the Shakers. After an 1842 visit to
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Settlements, such as Vineland (1861
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garden, much frequented, especially
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Several architects of the twentieth
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the unusual character of the place:
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Figure 57- Views of Community of Ec
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Figure 59- Right. Anaheim Plan and
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Figure 61- Sketch by Joseph Smith,
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Figure 63- Mormon town-planning. Bi
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The “middle landscape” Close me
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the large whitewashed factory>>. Th
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Despite the fact that the pastoral
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Industrial America One’s‐Self I
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of a nineteenth century company‐t
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A large number of works and investm
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designing and constructing the firs
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Schinkel posed the question which s
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All the works came to the astronomi
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Whereas, the agricultural and comme
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Furthermore, the Erie Canal was a p
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sailed downstream in 30. 180 Fulton
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on foot and on horseback animate th
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non‐existent places, such as rive
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Bridge is a good example of the ind
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job of Pony Express. They confirmed
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Page 182 and 183: Figure 69- The industrial change of
Page 184 and 185: Figure 71- Birds’ eye view of New
Page 186 and 187: Figure 74- The map shows character
Page 188 and 189: Figure 76- Articifi al landscape of
Page 190 and 191: Figure 80- The natural landscape an
Page 192 and 193: Figure 82- Pioneer family in front
Page 194 and 195: Figure 85- Roads and fences in Wino
Page 196 and 197: Figure 87- John Augustus Roebling:T
Page 198 and 199: arrels of pork meat>>, often approv
Page 200 and 201: 1845), he incited the United States
Page 202 and 203: Manifest Destiny began the period o
Page 204 and 205: First experiences of landscape gard
Page 206 and 207: In designs for a pleasure‐ground,
Page 208 and 209: By irony of fate, the first Preside
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Page 220 and 221: The prospects and developments of t
Page 222 and 223: Despite the fact that Loudon knew o
Page 224 and 225: At the same time, studies attempted
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Page 228 and 229: convinced many architects to dedica
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Page 234 and 235: Figure 89- Mount Airy Plantation (C
Page 236 and 237: Figure 91- Mount Vernon Plantation,
Page 238: Figure 93- Plan scheme of the Jeffe
Page 241 and 242: Figure 97- Thomas Jefferson-View of
Page 243 and 244: Figure 100- Henry Alexander Scammel
Page 245 and 246: Figure 102- Almerin Hotchkiss: Bell
Page 247 and 248: Figure 105- John Claudius Loudon’
Page 249: Figure 108- Above: Plan of a common
Page 252 and 253: Figure 113- Andrew Jackson Downing,
Page 254 and 255: Figure 115- The situation before Do
Page 256 and 257: Figure 118- Alexander Jackson Davis
Page 258 and 259: Landscape as a principle of urban p
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Page 266 and 267: of his two sons and of Charles Elio
Page 268 and 269: Figure 122- Right: Frederick Law Ol
Page 270 and 271: Figure 124- Frederick Law Olmsted,
Page 272 and 273: Figure 127- Frederick Law Olmsted,
Page 274 and 275: the true “line” of change. The
Page 276 and 277: Association, during the World’s C
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means of transport allowed to come
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danger. This reasoning gave rise to
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The Wilderness and the frontier, de
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Figure 129- The Food of our Youth (
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Figure 132- “All the West going f
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Figure 134- A pile of American Biso
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conscience, to which the mass media
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Chronological Table -Events related
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‐J. Winkelmann: Alte Denkmäler d
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1821 ‐Canal Eire from Albany, NY,
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1846 ‐J. Roebling: Suspension bri
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1872 ‐Yellowstone National Park:
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DOWNING, Andrew Jackson, The Fruits
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MORSE, F.B. Samuel, Lectures on the
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WOODWARD, George Eveston and F.W.,
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O’SULLIVAN, John Louis, “Annexa
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CIUCCI Giorgio, DAL CO Francesco, M
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Ingraham, Karl Kamrath, Elizabeth K
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dei timidi, introduzione di Gianni
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PECK, Amelia (ed.), Alexander Jacks
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TEYSSOT, George (ed.), The American
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1997), Association of Collegiate Sc
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SEGAL, Howard P., (review by) “Le
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