building the american landscape - Univerza v Novi Gorici

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Schinkel posed the question which suggested that the old relationships between man, town, nature and the architect were, in other words, in crisis. Something similar was also taking place in America. In 1836, Emerson wrote the work Nature161F161F168 , the manifesto of transcendental philosophy, in which he expressed thoughts very similar to those of Shinkel. The incipit of Nature, which impressed Frank Loyd Wright so deeply, exhorts man to live his time to the full by creating new works and thoughts suited to the time in which he lived: Our age is retrospective. It builds the sepulchres of the fathers. It writes biographies, histories, and criticism. The foregoing generations beheld God and nature face to face; we, through their eyes. Why should not we also enjoy an original relation to the universe? Why should not we have a poetry and philosophy of insight and not of tradition, and a religion by revelation to us, and not the history of theirs? […]There are new lands, new men, new thoughts. Let us demand our own works and laws and worship 169 . The effects of culture called men to reflect on the role of industry and on certain changes due to machines in daily life, they suggested a significant shift in natural space and towns. Emerson understood the relationship, which was being created between man and machine and he pointed out a dualism, which had sprung from new inventions capable of evoking or emulating provocative, anti‐conventional experiences: “What new thoughts are suggested by seeing a face of country quite familiar, in the rapid movement of the rail‐road car! Nay, the most wonted objects, (make a very slight change in the point of vision,) please us most […] Turn the eyes upside down, by looking at the landscape through your legs, and how agreeable is the picture, though you have seen it any time these twenty years!” 170 . According to Emerson, this new relationship highlights the distance between man and nature resulting in “a pleasure mixed with awe” 171 , that is to say an entity with a form of excessively refined style aiming to capture the sublime. Man realises that “whilst the world is a spectacle, something in himself is stable” 172 . 168 The essay Nature was published anonymously by Emerson in 1836 169 EMERSON, Ralph Waldo, Nature, Boston, James Munroe and Company, 1836, pp. 5‐6 (Italian translation by Iginia Tattoni, Natura, Rome, Donzelli, 2010, p. 19) 170 Ibid., pp.63‐63 (Italian translation pp. 52‐53) 171 Ibid., p. 64 (Italian translation p. 53) 172 Ibid. 99
The new methods of communication and the innovative infrastructures built in America were to trigger reactions and feelings very similar to those described by Emerson. The artists were to be the first to acknowledge this phenomenon. In fact, the possibility of having access to spectacular, picturesque, sublime sceneries was to come as an opportunity to be seized rapidly by the artists of the Hudson River School. The early decades of the nineteenth century confirmed the age of internal improvements and public works of national importance began, such as the construction of roads, turnpikes (toll roads), canals and ports. The infrastructural solution to the Northwest Ordinance (1787) and to the purchase of Louisiana (1803) was faced from a political point of view by a proposal of law, presented by Albert Gallatin in 1807. Gallatin, Secretary of the Treasury during the presidency of Jefferson and Madison, presented a Report on the Subject of Public Roads and Canals, which was rejected due to a lack of funds. The Gallatin project proposed to encourage a massive investment by the federal government to construct roads and canals. For this purpose, he drew up a report similar to a detailed estimate and attached a minute description of the various works to be implemented. The canals Gallatin listed can be grouped into four categories: “1) Great canals, from north to south, along the Atlantic sea coast; 2) Communications between the Atlantic and western waters; 3) Communications between the Atlantic waters, and those of the great lakes, and river St. Lawrence; 4) Interior canals” 173 . The estimated costs also envisaged an improvement in navigation in many rivers and took into account the benefits of investments by private companies to develop projects not financed by the central government. The projects would have allowed miles and miles of internal navigation. Gallatin also thought of important road projects. One large turnpike was supposed to begin in Maine and go down as far as Georgia along the Atlantic coast, whereas another four turnpikes were to have crossed the country, starting from the coast, crossing the Appalachian Mountains, to reach as far as the rivers of the West. 173 GALLATIN, Albert, Report of the Secretary of the Treasury, on the Subject of Public Roads and Canals, Made in Pursuance of a Resolution of Senate, of March 2, 1807, Washington, R.C: Weightman, 1808, p. 8 100
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UNIVERSITY OF NOVA GORICA GRADUATE
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Building the American Landscape. Te
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The Oklahoma Land Rush, April 22, 1
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Introduction The purpose of this re
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of the issue of the landscape desig
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especially, during which the intere
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We have tried to do so by suggestin
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colonial settlements were never an
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continued. Under Governor Benjamin
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Nature, agriculture and the languag
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adopted by Jefferson as an architec
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as workshops. Downhill from the Mul
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assessments made with measurements
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Figure 2- Monticello West Elevation
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780 THOMAS JEFFERSON'S MONTICELLO L
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Figure 8- Monticello: 3rd roundabou
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Figure 11- Thomas Jefferson‘s Gar
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Figure 12- Thomas Jefferson‘s Gar
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Agricultural America The English co
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which definitely contributed to the
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legal and commercial documents comp
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overlooking the garden and the road
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The structure was the result of the
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destroyed during the Civil War, bec
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would be turning backward to the Ke
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Jefferson, who considered himself a
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the world. Americans are the wester
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(1736‐1784), the founder of the s
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Tidy, mainly horizontal, board fenc
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which displayed hundreds of pieces
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landscapes and of the towns themsel
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Figure 14- Certifi ed copy (1808) o
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Figure 16- Origins of plantation ho
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Figure 19- Uncle Sam (Constancia) P
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Figures 21/21.1- The plantation lan
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Figure 24- Live Oaks along the entr
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Figure 26- Pricipal facade from the
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Figure 29- Plan Scheme of Poplar Fo
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Figure 33- Jefferson’s 1809 Popla
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Figure 35- Diagram of the south par
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Figure 37- Shaker Village, Berkshir
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Figure 41-Shaker Church Family Roun
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Figure 43- The snake fences in Yate
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However, a grid configuration exten
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The lands freed from the American I
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In the centre of the town there wer
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the garden towns and of the satelli
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and pastoral life. The “middle la
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a tree, and each "leaf" encloses do
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This idea of dedicating a circular
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Figure 45- The grid: Clarck County,
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Figure 47- The grid system (Land Su
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Figure 50- Frank Lloyd Wright, Broa
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Figure 52- The grid and the develop
Page 111 and 112: Figure 54- Frederick Law Olmsted, R
Page 113 and 114: Figure 56- Frank Lloyd Wright, Park
Page 115 and 116: Mumford’s search for the characte
Page 117 and 118: the “revelation” can also be se
Page 119 and 120: The old vestiges of the town admire
Page 121 and 122: At this point we should not be surp
Page 123 and 124: Economy was described by Charles No
Page 125 and 126: Among the 41 Fourier‐type communi
Page 127 and 128: He purchased 90 acres of land, but
Page 129 and 130: the Shakers. After an 1842 visit to
Page 131 and 132: Settlements, such as Vineland (1861
Page 133 and 134: garden, much frequented, especially
Page 135 and 136: Several architects of the twentieth
Page 137 and 138: the unusual character of the place:
Page 139 and 140: Figure 57- Views of Community of Ec
Page 141 and 142: Figure 59- Right. Anaheim Plan and
Page 143 and 144: Figure 61- Sketch by Joseph Smith,
Page 145 and 146: Figure 63- Mormon town-planning. Bi
Page 148 and 149: The “middle landscape” Close me
Page 150 and 151: the large whitewashed factory>>. Th
Page 152 and 153: Despite the fact that the pastoral
Page 154 and 155: Industrial America One’s‐Self I
Page 156 and 157: of a nineteenth century company‐t
Page 158 and 159: A large number of works and investm
Page 160 and 161: designing and constructing the firs
Page 164 and 165: All the works came to the astronomi
Page 166 and 167: Whereas, the agricultural and comme
Page 168 and 169: Furthermore, the Erie Canal was a p
Page 170 and 171: sailed downstream in 30. 180 Fulton
Page 172 and 173: on foot and on horseback animate th
Page 174 and 175: non‐existent places, such as rive
Page 176 and 177: Bridge is a good example of the ind
Page 178 and 179: job of Pony Express. They confirmed
Page 180 and 181: countryside” 196 . Moreover, the
Page 182 and 183: Figure 69- The industrial change of
Page 184 and 185: Figure 71- Birds’ eye view of New
Page 186 and 187: Figure 74- The map shows character
Page 188 and 189: Figure 76- Articifi al landscape of
Page 190 and 191: Figure 80- The natural landscape an
Page 192 and 193: Figure 82- Pioneer family in front
Page 194 and 195: Figure 85- Roads and fences in Wino
Page 196 and 197: Figure 87- John Augustus Roebling:T
Page 198 and 199: arrels of pork meat>>, often approv
Page 200 and 201: 1845), he incited the United States
Page 202 and 203: Manifest Destiny began the period o
Page 204 and 205: First experiences of landscape gard
Page 206 and 207: In designs for a pleasure‐ground,
Page 208 and 209: By irony of fate, the first Preside
Page 210 and 211: construction, deriving from the bal
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was to be clarified during the firs
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Olmsted was particularly impressed
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The search for an ancient landscape
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country, enabled Hotchkiss to becom
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The prospects and developments of t
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Despite the fact that Loudon knew o
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At the same time, studies attempted
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compared to that of John Claudius L
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convinced many architects to dedica
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estricted to his theoretical works.
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architecture. Davis’ landscapes f
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Figure 89- Mount Airy Plantation (C
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Figure 91- Mount Vernon Plantation,
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Figure 93- Plan scheme of the Jeffe
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Figure 97- Thomas Jefferson-View of
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Figure 100- Henry Alexander Scammel
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Figure 102- Almerin Hotchkiss: Bell
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Figure 105- John Claudius Loudon’
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Figure 108- Above: Plan of a common
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Figure 113- Andrew Jackson Downing,
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Figure 115- The situation before Do
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Figure 118- Alexander Jackson Davis
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Landscape as a principle of urban p
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and did not come up to the expectat
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Vaux complemented Olmsted, he had a
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landscape designer could intensify
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of his two sons and of Charles Elio
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Figure 122- Right: Frederick Law Ol
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Figure 124- Frederick Law Olmsted,
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Figure 127- Frederick Law Olmsted,
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the true “line” of change. The
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Association, during the World’s C
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to its interpretation, which would
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means of transport allowed to come
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danger. This reasoning gave rise to
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The Wilderness and the frontier, de
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Figure 129- The Food of our Youth (
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Figure 132- “All the West going f
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Figure 134- A pile of American Biso
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conscience, to which the mass media
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Chronological Table -Events related
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‐J. Winkelmann: Alte Denkmäler d
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1821 ‐Canal Eire from Albany, NY,
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1846 ‐J. Roebling: Suspension bri
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1872 ‐Yellowstone National Park:
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DOWNING, Andrew Jackson, The Fruits
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MORSE, F.B. Samuel, Lectures on the
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WOODWARD, George Eveston and F.W.,
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O’SULLIVAN, John Louis, “Annexa
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CIUCCI Giorgio, DAL CO Francesco, M
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Ingraham, Karl Kamrath, Elizabeth K
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dei timidi, introduzione di Gianni
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PECK, Amelia (ed.), Alexander Jacks
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TEYSSOT, George (ed.), The American
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1997), Association of Collegiate Sc
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SEGAL, Howard P., (review by) “Le
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