building the american landscape - Univerza v Novi Gorici

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Chronological Table –Events related to American architecture and landscape The chronology covers major artistic, cultural and political events during the 19 th century. The events are directly and indirectly related to this research. Some important unrelated events to American landscape clarify the chronological table. Year Architecture and landscape works/events Architects and People Cultural, political, scientific and other events 1770 ‐T. Jefferson : First Monticello House, Charlottesville, Virginia (1770‐1784) ‐G. Dance: Newgate Prison, London ‐W. Clark (1770‐1838) explorer ‐D. Phyfe (1770‐1854) cabinetmaker ‐G. Tiepolo (1696‐1770) ƚ painter ‐M. Fink (1770‐1823) pioneer 1771 ‐C.N. Ledoux: Louveciennes Pavilion ‐R. Owen (1771‐1858) social reformer ‐T.G. Fessenden (1771‐1837) horticulturist 1772 ‐Old Stone Fort, Schoharie, New York ‐Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa, California ‐J. Wyatt: Heaton House, Lancashire 1773 ‐F. Mazzei introduce in Virginia the cultivation of vineyards ‐F.M.C. Fourier (1772‐1837) philosopher ‐W.H. Harrison (1773‐1841) politician ‐Boston Massacre: 11 americans are shot by British troops ‐War of the Regulation in North Carolina against corrupt colonial officials. ‐G. Monge: descriptive geometry ‐Watauga Association: semiautonomous government created by frontier settlers along Watauga River, Tennessee ‐Committees of Correspondence (shadow governments in the 13 colonies) ‐W. Bartram’s (1739‐1823) travel in South colonies (1773‐1777) ‐Boston Tea Party 1774 ‐Hammond‐Harwood House (premier colonial house), Annapolis, Maryland ‐M. Lewis (1774‐1809) explorer ‐Quebec Act ‐Boston Port Act ‐Shakers arrive in America 1775 ‐Wilkinson and Darby: Iron Bridge ‐C.N.Ledoux: Royal Saltworks at Arcet‐Senans construction began 1776 ‐Dobbin House Tavern, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania ‐Bedford Square, London: one of the most important example of English square during 18 th century ‐Royal Academy Gold Medal to John Soane ‐J.M.W. Turner (1775‐1851) landscape painter ‐F. C. Lowell (1775‐1817) businessman ‐B. McMahon (1775‐1816) botanic ‐J. Constable (1776‐1837) landscape painter ‐American Revolution (1775‐1783) ‐United States Declaration of Independence 1777 ‐Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union ‐J. Thomson’s Seasons first published in America 1778 ‐C.N. Ledoux: project for Besanҫon Theatre ‐R. and J. Adam: Works in Architecture (this book determinates English neoclassical language) ‐G.B. Piranesi: Vasi, Candelabri, Cippi, Sarcofaghi, Tripodi, Lucerne ed Ornamenti antichi ‐R. Peale (1778‐1860) painter ‐F.M. Klinger: Sturm und Drang 1779
1780 ‐Federal‐style architecture or Greekstyle architecture(1780‐1830) ‐André Parmentier (1780‐1830) landscape designer ‐F. Fuga (1699‐1780) ƚ architect ‐Foundation of American Academy of Arts and Letters, Boston 1781 ‐F. Milizia: Principi di architettura civile ‐K.F. Schinkel (1781‐1841) architect ‐R. Mills (1781‐1855) architect ‐Surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown, Virginia ‐Articles of Confederation go into effect on March 1 ‐The distinguished American furniture maker Duncan Phyfe arrives in New York ‐I. Kant: Critique of Pure Reason 1782 ‐J.de Crevecoeur: Letters From An American Farmer ‐J.J. Rousseau: Le Reveries du promeneur solitaire ‐C.Willson Peale’s gallery opens in Philadelphia 1783 ‐N. Longworth (1783‐1863) winemaker ‐Capability Brown (1716‐1783) ƚ landscape designer ‐J.C. Loudon (1783‐1843) landscape designer 1784 ‐E.L. Boullée: Cenotaphe à Newton project 1785 ‐E.L. Boullée: project pour la Bibliothèque du Roi ‐G. Washington: Mount Vernon, Faifax County, Virginia 1786 ‐G. Dance The Younger: plan of London ‐L. Von Klenze (1784‐1864) German architect ‐Ann Lee (1736‐1784) ƚ Shaker’s funder ‐C.B. King (1785‐1862) painter ‐T. Butler (185‐1847) plantation owner ‐D. Crockett (1786‐1836) pioneer ‐Treaty of Paris: Original borders of the United States ‐I. Kant: Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysic That Will Be Able to Present itself as a Science ‐J.L. David: Oath of the Horatii ‐Land Ordinance ‐Land Ordinance ‐T. Jefferson: Notes on the State of Virginia ‐F. Schiller: Don Carlos ‐W.A. Mozart: The marriage of Figaro 1787 ‐Destrehan Plantation house, St. Charles Parish, Louisiana (1787‐1790) ‐Homeplace Plantation house, St. Charles Parish, Louisiana ‐C.N. Ledoux: architect for the ferme générale (tax barriers) of Paris ‐New Leabanon Shaker Community, New York ‐Waterlievt Shaker Community, New York 1788 ‐Marietta: first settlements in Northwest territory (Marietta, Ohio) ‐J. Soane: Plans, elevations, and sections of buildings ‐C.G. Langhans: Brandeburg Gate, Berlin 1789 ‐ T. Jefferson: Richmond Campidoglio ‐A. Mackenzie: North‐West Passage expedition 1790 ‐Royal Opera Arcade, London ‐Hancock Shaker Community, Massachusetts ‐E. Cabet (1788‐1856) philosopher and utopian socialist ‐Benjamin Franklin (1706‐1790) ƚ ‐Population 3.929.214 1791 ‐P.C. L’ Enfant: plan of Washington ‐S.F.B. Morse (1791‐1872) inventor ‐J. A. Etzler (1791‐1846) utopian author ‐United States Constitution ‐J. Ficht: first steamboat (experiments 1785‐1787) ‐Northwest OrdinanceTerritory (1787‐ 1803) ‐A. Hamilton, J. Jay, J.Madison published The Federalist ‐Ratification of United States Constitution ‐I. Kant: Critique of Practical Reason ‐J. W. Goethe: Egmont ‐G. Washington is the President of Usa (1789‐1797) ‐The French Revolution begins ‐W. Blake: Songs of Innocence ‐A. Hamilton: Report on the Public Credit ‐First congressionally authorized U.S. census ‐First machine to make “cut nails” ‐Bill of Rights (the first ten amendments) ‐F.R. de Chateaubriand arrives in US ‐W. Bartram: Travels ‐First Bank of US ‐A. Hamilton: Report on Manufactures ‐Massachussets Historical Society founded in Boston ‐First Bank of U.S. opened in Philadelphia
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UNIVERSITY OF NOVA GORICA GRADUATE
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Building the American Landscape. Te
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The Oklahoma Land Rush, April 22, 1
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Introduction The purpose of this re
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of the issue of the landscape desig
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especially, during which the intere
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We have tried to do so by suggestin
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colonial settlements were never an
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continued. Under Governor Benjamin
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Nature, agriculture and the languag
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adopted by Jefferson as an architec
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as workshops. Downhill from the Mul
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assessments made with measurements
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Figure 2- Monticello West Elevation
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780 THOMAS JEFFERSON'S MONTICELLO L
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Figure 8- Monticello: 3rd roundabou
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Figure 11- Thomas Jefferson‘s Gar
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Figure 12- Thomas Jefferson‘s Gar
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Agricultural America The English co
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which definitely contributed to the
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legal and commercial documents comp
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overlooking the garden and the road
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The structure was the result of the
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destroyed during the Civil War, bec
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would be turning backward to the Ke
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Jefferson, who considered himself a
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the world. Americans are the wester
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(1736‐1784), the founder of the s
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Tidy, mainly horizontal, board fenc
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which displayed hundreds of pieces
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landscapes and of the towns themsel
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Figure 14- Certifi ed copy (1808) o
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Figure 16- Origins of plantation ho
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Figure 19- Uncle Sam (Constancia) P
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Figures 21/21.1- The plantation lan
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Figure 24- Live Oaks along the entr
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Figure 26- Pricipal facade from the
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Figure 29- Plan Scheme of Poplar Fo
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Figure 33- Jefferson’s 1809 Popla
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Figure 35- Diagram of the south par
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Figure 37- Shaker Village, Berkshir
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Figure 41-Shaker Church Family Roun
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Figure 43- The snake fences in Yate
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However, a grid configuration exten
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The lands freed from the American I
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In the centre of the town there wer
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the garden towns and of the satelli
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and pastoral life. The “middle la
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a tree, and each "leaf" encloses do
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This idea of dedicating a circular
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Figure 45- The grid: Clarck County,
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Figure 47- The grid system (Land Su
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Figure 50- Frank Lloyd Wright, Broa
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Figure 52- The grid and the develop
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Figure 54- Frederick Law Olmsted, R
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Figure 56- Frank Lloyd Wright, Park
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Mumford’s search for the characte
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the “revelation” can also be se
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The old vestiges of the town admire
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At this point we should not be surp
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Economy was described by Charles No
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Among the 41 Fourier‐type communi
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He purchased 90 acres of land, but
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the Shakers. After an 1842 visit to
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Settlements, such as Vineland (1861
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garden, much frequented, especially
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Several architects of the twentieth
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the unusual character of the place:
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Figure 57- Views of Community of Ec
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Figure 59- Right. Anaheim Plan and
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Figure 61- Sketch by Joseph Smith,
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Figure 63- Mormon town-planning. Bi
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The “middle landscape” Close me
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the large whitewashed factory>>. Th
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Despite the fact that the pastoral
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Industrial America One’s‐Self I
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of a nineteenth century company‐t
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A large number of works and investm
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designing and constructing the firs
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Schinkel posed the question which s
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All the works came to the astronomi
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Whereas, the agricultural and comme
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Furthermore, the Erie Canal was a p
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sailed downstream in 30. 180 Fulton
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on foot and on horseback animate th
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non‐existent places, such as rive
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Bridge is a good example of the ind
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job of Pony Express. They confirmed
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countryside” 196 . Moreover, the
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Figure 69- The industrial change of
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Figure 71- Birds’ eye view of New
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Figure 74- The map shows character
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Figure 76- Articifi al landscape of
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Figure 80- The natural landscape an
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Figure 82- Pioneer family in front
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Figure 85- Roads and fences in Wino
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Figure 87- John Augustus Roebling:T
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arrels of pork meat>>, often approv
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1845), he incited the United States
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Manifest Destiny began the period o
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First experiences of landscape gard
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In designs for a pleasure‐ground,
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By irony of fate, the first Preside
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construction, deriving from the bal
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was to be clarified during the firs
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Olmsted was particularly impressed
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The search for an ancient landscape
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country, enabled Hotchkiss to becom
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The prospects and developments of t
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Despite the fact that Loudon knew o
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At the same time, studies attempted
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compared to that of John Claudius L
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convinced many architects to dedica
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estricted to his theoretical works.
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architecture. Davis’ landscapes f
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Figure 89- Mount Airy Plantation (C
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Figure 91- Mount Vernon Plantation,
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Figure 93- Plan scheme of the Jeffe
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Figure 97- Thomas Jefferson-View of
Page 243 and 244: Figure 100- Henry Alexander Scammel
Page 245 and 246: Figure 102- Almerin Hotchkiss: Bell
Page 247 and 248: Figure 105- John Claudius Loudon’
Page 249: Figure 108- Above: Plan of a common
Page 252 and 253: Figure 113- Andrew Jackson Downing,
Page 254 and 255: Figure 115- The situation before Do
Page 256 and 257: Figure 118- Alexander Jackson Davis
Page 258 and 259: Landscape as a principle of urban p
Page 260 and 261: and did not come up to the expectat
Page 262 and 263: Vaux complemented Olmsted, he had a
Page 264 and 265: landscape designer could intensify
Page 266 and 267: of his two sons and of Charles Elio
Page 268 and 269: Figure 122- Right: Frederick Law Ol
Page 270 and 271: Figure 124- Frederick Law Olmsted,
Page 272 and 273: Figure 127- Frederick Law Olmsted,
Page 274 and 275: the true “line” of change. The
Page 276 and 277: Association, during the World’s C
Page 278 and 279: to its interpretation, which would
Page 280 and 281: means of transport allowed to come
Page 282 and 283: danger. This reasoning gave rise to
Page 284 and 285: The Wilderness and the frontier, de
Page 286 and 287: Figure 129- The Food of our Youth (
Page 288 and 289: Figure 132- “All the West going f
Page 290 and 291: Figure 134- A pile of American Biso
Page 292 and 293: conscience, to which the mass media
Page 296 and 297: ‐J. Winkelmann: Alte Denkmäler d
Page 298 and 299: 1821 ‐Canal Eire from Albany, NY,
Page 300 and 301: 1846 ‐J. Roebling: Suspension bri
Page 302 and 303: 1872 ‐Yellowstone National Park:
Page 304 and 305: DOWNING, Andrew Jackson, The Fruits
Page 306 and 307: MORSE, F.B. Samuel, Lectures on the
Page 308 and 309: WOODWARD, George Eveston and F.W.,
Page 310 and 311: O’SULLIVAN, John Louis, “Annexa
Page 312 and 313: CIUCCI Giorgio, DAL CO Francesco, M
Page 314 and 315: Ingraham, Karl Kamrath, Elizabeth K
Page 316 and 317: dei timidi, introduzione di Gianni
Page 318 and 319: PECK, Amelia (ed.), Alexander Jacks
Page 320 and 321: TEYSSOT, George (ed.), The American
Page 322 and 323: 1997), Association of Collegiate Sc
Page 324 and 325: SEGAL, Howard P., (review by) “Le
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