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architecture. Davis’ landscapes featured mainly scenes created by various architectural issues following one after the other. For example, in the project to extend the main mansion on the estate named Montgomery Place, Barrytown, New York, (1844), Davis lingered over the design of a series of architectural outbuildings, such as the coach house and a Swiss cottage, built to support a landscape gardening project, fine tuned after informal advice from Downing. The project for Locust Grove, the “Italian style” house, designed in 1851 for his friend Samuel F.B. Morse, 253 followed the model of previous buildings in the “Italian” Revival style, such as Blandwood Mansion, Greensboro, North Carolina (1844). The taste for rural houses, which Davis supported both in theory and in practice, became the planning model for Llewellyn Park, West Orange, New Jersey (1853‐57) [Figures 119‐120]. Llewellyn Park was without any doubt Davis’ masterpiece of landscape planning. The most striking feature of the project, begun on the initiative of the rich entrepreneur from New York, Llewellyn Solomon Haskell, was the picturesque nostalgia for life in close contact with nature. Llewellyn purchased approximately 40 acres of land and asked Davis to prepare a project for the property. In 1853, the initial proposal only envisaged the renovation of an existing farmhouse on the land and the use of 15 acres for a picturesque garden, leaving the remainder of the property in its natural state [Figure 120]. In 1857, Llewellyn purchased a further 350 acres, as he foresaw that his private park could stimulate the development of a model suburb immersed in nature [Figure 55]. Davis planned the area leaving a common property in the centre of the park on an irregular shaped piece of ground, and divided the remainder of the land into exclusive lots of varying size. Finally, he designed a gate house [Figure 119]at the park entrance. The general ground plan excluded any form of grid or geometric rigidity and the rural character was guaranteed by his particular refusal to repeat the orthogonal shapes of the large cities to the scale of the individual lots. It was such a success that the park was enlarged in the following decade, even though it 253 Samuel F. B. Morse (1791‐1872) was the inventor of the telegraph. Morse was also a painter interested in landscape gardening. During 1826, he delivered four “Lectures on the Affinity of Painting with the Other Fine Arts” and he asserted that gardening is a fine art. Cf. the book by MORSE, F.B. Samuel, Lectures on the Affinity of Painting with the Other Fine Arts, edited with intr. by Nicolai Cikovsky, Columbia, Missouri and London, University of Missouri Press, 1983 152
was the first of its kind, proof that the landscape could now become the key to the development of the American town. The Llewellyn settlement had distinct advantages: a short distance from the city of New York, privacy guaranteed by full immersion in nature, the emulation of the experience of the wilderness reproduced according to the fashion of the picturesque garden and enjoyable without the dangers of the frontier. The transcendentalist ideas and the experiences of community life were absorbed and programmatically revised into an urban model that was to permeate American culture in the following years. Now it was nature, which wormed its way into the metropolis according to the needs and procedures that were to be improved with great sensitivity in Olmsted’s projects. Downing and Davis went ahead with hypotheses, which were to constitute the premises for the use of the landscape as a tool for town planning. Without their work, the creation of a landscaping symbol, such as Central Park in New York, would never have been able to take place. 153
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UNIVERSITY OF NOVA GORICA GRADUATE
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Building the American Landscape. Te
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The Oklahoma Land Rush, April 22, 1
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Introduction The purpose of this re
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of the issue of the landscape desig
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especially, during which the intere
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We have tried to do so by suggestin
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colonial settlements were never an
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continued. Under Governor Benjamin
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Nature, agriculture and the languag
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adopted by Jefferson as an architec
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as workshops. Downhill from the Mul
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assessments made with measurements
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Figure 2- Monticello West Elevation
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780 THOMAS JEFFERSON'S MONTICELLO L
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Figure 8- Monticello: 3rd roundabou
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Figure 11- Thomas Jefferson‘s Gar
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Figure 12- Thomas Jefferson‘s Gar
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Agricultural America The English co
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which definitely contributed to the
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legal and commercial documents comp
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overlooking the garden and the road
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The structure was the result of the
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destroyed during the Civil War, bec
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would be turning backward to the Ke
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Jefferson, who considered himself a
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the world. Americans are the wester
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(1736‐1784), the founder of the s
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Tidy, mainly horizontal, board fenc
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which displayed hundreds of pieces
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landscapes and of the towns themsel
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Figure 14- Certifi ed copy (1808) o
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Figure 16- Origins of plantation ho
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Figure 19- Uncle Sam (Constancia) P
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Figures 21/21.1- The plantation lan
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Figure 24- Live Oaks along the entr
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Figure 26- Pricipal facade from the
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Figure 29- Plan Scheme of Poplar Fo
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Figure 33- Jefferson’s 1809 Popla
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Figure 35- Diagram of the south par
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Figure 37- Shaker Village, Berkshir
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Figure 41-Shaker Church Family Roun
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Figure 43- The snake fences in Yate
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However, a grid configuration exten
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The lands freed from the American I
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In the centre of the town there wer
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the garden towns and of the satelli
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and pastoral life. The “middle la
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a tree, and each "leaf" encloses do
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This idea of dedicating a circular
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Figure 45- The grid: Clarck County,
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Figure 47- The grid system (Land Su
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Figure 50- Frank Lloyd Wright, Broa
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Figure 52- The grid and the develop
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Figure 54- Frederick Law Olmsted, R
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Figure 56- Frank Lloyd Wright, Park
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Mumford’s search for the characte
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the “revelation” can also be se
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The old vestiges of the town admire
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At this point we should not be surp
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Economy was described by Charles No
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Among the 41 Fourier‐type communi
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He purchased 90 acres of land, but
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the Shakers. After an 1842 visit to
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Settlements, such as Vineland (1861
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garden, much frequented, especially
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Several architects of the twentieth
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the unusual character of the place:
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Figure 57- Views of Community of Ec
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Figure 59- Right. Anaheim Plan and
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Figure 61- Sketch by Joseph Smith,
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Figure 63- Mormon town-planning. Bi
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The “middle landscape” Close me
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the large whitewashed factory>>. Th
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Despite the fact that the pastoral
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Industrial America One’s‐Self I
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of a nineteenth century company‐t
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A large number of works and investm
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designing and constructing the firs
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Schinkel posed the question which s
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All the works came to the astronomi
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Whereas, the agricultural and comme
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Furthermore, the Erie Canal was a p
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sailed downstream in 30. 180 Fulton
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on foot and on horseback animate th
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non‐existent places, such as rive
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Bridge is a good example of the ind
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job of Pony Express. They confirmed
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countryside” 196 . Moreover, the
Page 182 and 183: Figure 69- The industrial change of
Page 184 and 185: Figure 71- Birds’ eye view of New
Page 186 and 187: Figure 74- The map shows character
Page 188 and 189: Figure 76- Articifi al landscape of
Page 190 and 191: Figure 80- The natural landscape an
Page 192 and 193: Figure 82- Pioneer family in front
Page 194 and 195: Figure 85- Roads and fences in Wino
Page 196 and 197: Figure 87- John Augustus Roebling:T
Page 198 and 199: arrels of pork meat>>, often approv
Page 200 and 201: 1845), he incited the United States
Page 202 and 203: Manifest Destiny began the period o
Page 204 and 205: First experiences of landscape gard
Page 206 and 207: In designs for a pleasure‐ground,
Page 208 and 209: By irony of fate, the first Preside
Page 210 and 211: construction, deriving from the bal
Page 212 and 213: was to be clarified during the firs
Page 214 and 215: Olmsted was particularly impressed
Page 216 and 217: The search for an ancient landscape
Page 218 and 219: country, enabled Hotchkiss to becom
Page 220 and 221: The prospects and developments of t
Page 222 and 223: Despite the fact that Loudon knew o
Page 224 and 225: At the same time, studies attempted
Page 226 and 227: compared to that of John Claudius L
Page 228 and 229: convinced many architects to dedica
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Page 234 and 235: Figure 89- Mount Airy Plantation (C
Page 236 and 237: Figure 91- Mount Vernon Plantation,
Page 238: Figure 93- Plan scheme of the Jeffe
Page 241 and 242: Figure 97- Thomas Jefferson-View of
Page 243 and 244: Figure 100- Henry Alexander Scammel
Page 245 and 246: Figure 102- Almerin Hotchkiss: Bell
Page 247 and 248: Figure 105- John Claudius Loudon’
Page 249: Figure 108- Above: Plan of a common
Page 252 and 253: Figure 113- Andrew Jackson Downing,
Page 254 and 255: Figure 115- The situation before Do
Page 256 and 257: Figure 118- Alexander Jackson Davis
Page 258 and 259: Landscape as a principle of urban p
Page 260 and 261: and did not come up to the expectat
Page 262 and 263: Vaux complemented Olmsted, he had a
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Page 266 and 267: of his two sons and of Charles Elio
Page 268 and 269: Figure 122- Right: Frederick Law Ol
Page 270 and 271: Figure 124- Frederick Law Olmsted,
Page 272 and 273: Figure 127- Frederick Law Olmsted,
Page 274 and 275: the true “line” of change. The
Page 276 and 277: Association, during the World’s C
Page 278 and 279: to its interpretation, which would
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danger. This reasoning gave rise to
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The Wilderness and the frontier, de
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Figure 129- The Food of our Youth (
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Figure 132- “All the West going f
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Figure 134- A pile of American Biso
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conscience, to which the mass media
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Chronological Table -Events related
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‐J. Winkelmann: Alte Denkmäler d
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1821 ‐Canal Eire from Albany, NY,
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1846 ‐J. Roebling: Suspension bri
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1872 ‐Yellowstone National Park:
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DOWNING, Andrew Jackson, The Fruits
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MORSE, F.B. Samuel, Lectures on the
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WOODWARD, George Eveston and F.W.,
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O’SULLIVAN, John Louis, “Annexa
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CIUCCI Giorgio, DAL CO Francesco, M
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Ingraham, Karl Kamrath, Elizabeth K
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dei timidi, introduzione di Gianni
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PECK, Amelia (ed.), Alexander Jacks
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TEYSSOT, George (ed.), The American
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1997), Association of Collegiate Sc
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SEGAL, Howard P., (review by) “Le
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