Literature review: Impact of Chilean needle grass ... - Weeds Australia

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Table 7. Some extinct, endangered, vulnerable and rare vascular plant taxa of south-eastern Australian native temperate grasslands. See Scarlett and Parsons (1993) and Ross and Walsh (2003) for definitions of the categories. R = rare, U = unlisted, K = poorly known, X = extinct, E = endangered, V = vulnerable, - = not present, ? = status not determined Species Common Name Family Aust ACT NSW Vic Tas References Ammobium craspediodes Yass Daisy Asteraceae U V - - Eddy et al. 1998 Amphibromus pithogastrus Plump Swamp Poaceae K ? ? E - Ross and Walsh 2003, Ashton and Morcom 2004, DSE 2009a Wallaby-grass Calotis glandulosa Mauve Burr-daisy Asteraceae U V - - Eddy et al. 1998 Carex tasmanica Curly Sedge Cyperaceae V - - V V Kirkpatrick et al. 1995, Morcom 1999, Ross and Walsh 2003 Colobanthus curtisiae Colobanth Caryophyllaceae - - - - E Kirkpatrick et al. 1995 Comesperma polygaloides Small Milkwort Polygalaceae - - - V Ross and Walsh 2003, McIntyre et al. 2004 Cullen parvum Small Psoralea Fabaceae E - X E - Kirkpatrick et al. 1995, Ross and Walsh 2003, Muir 2003, DSE 2009a Discaria pubescens Anchor Plant Rhamnaceae R R - Kirkpatrick et al. 1995, Ross and Walsh 2003, DSE 2009a Diuris fragrantissima Sunshine Diuris Orchidaceae E - - E - Kirkpatrick et al. 1995, Ross and Walsh 2003, Webster et al. 2004, Smith et al. 2009, DSE 2009a Dodonaea procumbens Creeping Hopbush Sapindaceae V U V V Eddy et al. 1998, Ross and Walsh 2003 Glycine latrobeana Clover Glycine Fabaceae V V V Kirkpatrick et al. 1995, Ross and Walsh 2003, DSE 2009a Lachnagrostis adamsonii blown grass Poaceae V - - V V Kirkpatrick et al. 1995, Ross and Walsh 2003, DSE 2009a Leucochrysum albicans subsp. Paper Daisy Asteraceae E ? ? E V? Kirkpatrick et al. 1995, Ross and Walsh 2003 albicans var. tricolor Maireana cheelii Chariot Wheels Chenopodiaceae V V - Kirkpatrick et al. 1995, Ross and Walsh 2003, DSE 2009a Microseris lanceolata Yam Daisy Asteraceae - - - - - Sharp and Shorthouse 1996: regionally uncommon in the ACT, Pimelea spinescens subsp. Spiny Rice-flower Thymelaeaceae V - - V/E - Kirkpatrick et al. 1995, Ross and Walsh 2003, Tumino 2004, DSE 2009a spinescens Podolepis sp. 1 Basalt Podolepis Asteraceae - - - E - Kirkpatrick et al. 1995, Ross and Walsh 2003, Robinson 2005 Prasophyllum diversiflorum Gorae Leek-orchid Orchidaceae E - - E Ross and Walsh 2003, Pritchard and Ingeme 2003, DSE 2009a Prasophyllum fosteri Shelford Leekorchid Orchidaceae E - - E Ross and Walsh 2003, Coates 2003a, DSE 2009a Prasophyllum petilum leek orchid Orchidaceae E E - Eddy et al. 1998 Prasophyllum suaveolens Fragrant Leekorchid Orchidaceae E - - E - Kirkpatrick et al. 1995, Ross and Walsh 2003, Coates 2003b, DSE 2009a P.sp. aff. suaveolens (Western Basalt Plains) Psoralea tenax Emu Foot Fabaceae - - - - - Sharp and Shorthouse 1996: regionally uncommon in the ACT, Pterostylis basaltica Basalt Greenhood Orchidaceae E - - E - Kirkpatrick et al. 1995, Ross and Walsh 2003, Ingeme 2003, DSE 2009a Pterostylis truncata Brittle Greenhood Orchidaceae - E Ross and Walsh 2003, Bramwells 2003, DSE 2009a Rutidosis leiolepis Monaro Golden Asteraceae U V - Eddy et al. 1998 Daisy Rutidosis leptorhynchoides Button Wrinklewort Asteraceae E E E E - Morgan 1995a 1995b, Kirkpatrick et al. 1995, Sharp and Shorthouse 1996, Eddy et al. 1998, Scarlett and Parsons 1993, Ross and Walsh 2003, Humphries and Webster 2003, DSE 2009a Schoenus absconditus Obscure Bog-rush Cyperaceae - - - - R Kirkpatrick et al. 1995 Sclerolaena napiformis Turnip Bassia Chenopodiaceae E E - Kirkpatrick et al. 1995, Ross and Walsh 2003 Senecio behrianus - Asteraceae E ? X? E - Walsh 1999, Ross and Walsh 2003, DSE 2009a Senecio macrocarpus Large-headed Groundsel Senecio georgianus Asteraceae X - X - X Kirkpatrick et al. 1995, Ross and Walsh 2003 Spyridium obcordatum Dusty Miller Rhamnaceae - - - - V Kirkpatrick et al. 1995 Swainsona adenophylla Violet Swainson-pea Fabaceae - E Ross and Walsh 2003, Earl et al. 2003, DSE 2009a Table 7 (continued). Asteraceae V - - E - Scarlett and Parsons 1993, Kirkpatrick et al. 1995, Hills and Boekel 1996 2003, Walsh 1999, Ross and Walsh 2003, DSE 2009a 106
Species Common Name Family Aust ACT NSW Vic Tas References Swainsona monticola Fabaceae - - - - - Sharp and Shorthouse 1996: regionally uncommon in the ACT, Swainsona murrayana Slender Darling-pea Fabaceae V E - Kirkpatrick et al. 1995, Ross and Walsh 2003, Earl et al. 2003, DSE 2009a Swainsona plagiotropis Red Swainson-pea Fabaceae V V V E - Kirkpatrick et al. 1995, Ross and Walsh 2003, Earl et al. 2003, DSE 2009a Swainsona recta Small Purple Pea Fabaceae E E E E - Kirkpatrick et al. 1995, Sharp and Shorthouse 1996, Eddy et al. 1998, Ross and Walsh 2003, DSE 2009a Swainsona sericea Silky Swainson-Pea Fabaceae - - V Sharp and Shorthouse 1996: regionally uncommon in the ACT, Ross and Walsh 2003, Earl et al. 2003, DSE 2009a Thelymitra gregaria Basalt Sun-orchid Orchidaceae E - - E - Ross and Walsh 2003, Coates 2003c, DSE 2009a Thesium australe Austral Toadflax Santalaceae V U V V V Kirkpatrick et al. 1995, Eddy et al. 1998, Scarlett and Parsons 1993, Scarlett et al. 2003, Ross and Walsh 2003, DSE 2009a 107
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Literature review: Impact of Chilea
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Fire 49 Other disturbances 50 Shade
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Conventions and standards Botanical
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neesiana appears to be a habitat ge
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population densities of existing sp
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elated plants have similar defences
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For invasion to occur there must be
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As yet there appears to be no evide
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experimental manipulation of specie
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species tend to be those which tran
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Taxonomy and nomenclature Stipeae N
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Vernacular names ‘Needlegrass’
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to Bouchenak-Khelladi et al. 2009).
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1 m (Walsh 1994), ca. 90 cm (Verloo
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Figure 2. Anatomy of the seed of N.
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are the seeds larger/smaller, longe
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also based on a misunderstanding of
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Table 2. Modified Feekes Scale for
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Argentina, in the provinces of Chac
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Figure 3. Recorded distribution of
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1994). Only 3 of 186 exotic grasses
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According to Morfe et al. (2003) th
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populations have been found in the
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(Honaine et al. 2006). The flechill
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In Australia the altitudinal range
Page 51 and 52:
Proximity to urban development appe
Page 53 and 54:
In the southern Brazilian campos of
Page 55 and 56: arundinacea (Gardener et al. 2005).
Page 57 and 58: al. 2008). Cues for masting may be
Page 59 and 60: Approximately 200 alien grass speci
Page 61 and 62: Dispersal of seed in contaminated s
Page 63 and 64: In New Zealand, Hurrell et al. (199
Page 65 and 66: No emergence was observed in undist
Page 67 and 68: and high impact (“ability to caus
Page 69 and 70: also noted that despite a wide rang
Page 71 and 72: a small reduction in seedhead produ
Page 73 and 74: Slashing and mowing Slashing can re
Page 75 and 76: Themeda re-establishment McDougall
Page 77 and 78: species (Lawton and Schroder 1977 p
Page 79 and 80: y increased importance of ant grani
Page 81 and 82: BIODIVERSITY “Biodiversity ... on
Page 83 and 84: According to Woods (1997 p. 61) “
Page 85 and 86: 2004, Richardson and van Wilgen 200
Page 87 and 88: negative depending on the particula
Page 89 and 90: Competition with native plants Comp
Page 91 and 92: asexual seed production, so local f
Page 93 and 94: GRASSLANDS Grasses: “... the most
Page 95 and 96: susceptible to N. neesiana invasion
Page 97 and 98: Floristic composition, vegetation s
Page 99 and 100: proportion of the flora then presen
Page 101 and 102: tussock space (Stuwe and Parsons 19
Page 103 and 104: Like vascular plant diversity, comm
Page 105: Opinions differ on the nature and i
Page 109 and 110: in shifting the distribution, exten
Page 111 and 112: of these systems is largely explain
Page 113 and 114: pasture. The least understood trans
Page 115 and 116: tend to benefit more from relaxed c
Page 117 and 118: Bovids crop their food between the
Page 119 and 120: are therefore less likely to distur
Page 121 and 122: esult in a “short-term flush” o
Page 123 and 124: Fire effects on weeds Moore (1993 p
Page 125 and 126: Table 8. Typical nutrient levels in
Page 127 and 128: grasses produced sigificantly more
Page 129 and 130: Fossorial vertebrates are or were o
Page 131 and 132: (Rosengren 1999). Approximately one
Page 133 and 134: Table 12. Areal extent and conserva
Page 135 and 136: Foreman (1997) investigated the eff
Page 137 and 138: Willis (1964) considered that the f
Page 139 and 140: Austrostipa-Enneapogon) from around
Page 141 and 142: Woodlands and New England Grassy Wo
Page 143 and 144: Thylogale billardierii), Peramelida
Page 145 and 146: Its original habitat on the mainlan
Page 147 and 148: Table 17. Endangered reptile specie
Page 149 and 150: equirement, but unlike plants and v
Page 151 and 152: e assigned the same biodiversity sc
Page 153 and 154: Nematodes are mostly minute animals
Page 155 and 156: found in all mainland states, O. co
Page 157 and 158:
Keyacris scurra, Melbourne (1993) o
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was once widespread in south- easte
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eing sluggish and wingless, and exi
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estoration and, if Australia follow
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close to the plant are able to bury
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Species *Chirothrips mexicanus Craw
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Table A2.1 (continued) Species Life
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Table A2.1 (continued) Species *Het
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Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Nematodes of grasses and grasslands
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REFERENCES Aceñolaza, F.G. (2004)
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Benson, D. and McDougall, L. (2005)
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Chan, C.W. (1980) Natural grassland
Page 185 and 186:
DNRE (Department of Natural Resourc
Page 187 and 188:
Fuhrer, B. (1993) A Field Companion
Page 189 and 190:
Groves, R.H. and Whalley, R.D.B. (2
Page 191 and 192:
Iaconis, L. (2004) Chilean needle g
Page 193 and 194:
Levine, J.M., Adler, P.B. and Yelen
Page 195 and 196:
McDougall, K.L. (1987) Sites of Bot
Page 197 and 198:
Morfe, T.A., McLaren, D.A. and Weis
Page 199 and 200:
Perelman, S.B., León, R.J.C. and O
Page 201 and 202:
Saunders, D.A. (1999) Biodiversity
Page 203 and 204:
Thellung, A. (1912) La flore advent
Page 205 and 206:
Weiss, J. and McLaren, D. (2002) Vi
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