Literature review: Impact of Chilean needle grass ... - Weeds Australia

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Ashton, A. and Morcom, L. (2004) Plump Swamp Wallaby-grass Amphibromus pithogastrus. Flora and Fuana Guarantee Action Statement No. 109, Department of Sustainability and Environment, East Melbourne, 3 pp. Aitken, P.F. (1983) Mammals. In M.J.Tyler, C.R.Twidale, J.K.Ling and J.W. Holmes (Eds.), Natural History of the South East. Royal Society of South Australia Inc., pp. 127-133. Auckland Regional Council (2002) Auckland Regional Pest Management Strategy 2002-2007. Auckland Regional Council, Auckland, New Zealand. Audas, J.W. (1950) The Australian Bushland. W. A. Hamer Pty. Ltd., North Melbourne. Australian Weeds Commitee (2007) Noxious weed list. Weeds Australia web site. http://weeds.org.au/ [Accessed 22 June 2007] Australian Wool Burean (1963) Wool. The Australian Encyclopaedia Volume IX, Grolier Society of Australia, Sydney, pp. 352-359. Backhouse, G. and Crossthwaite, J. (2003) Eastern Barred Bandicoot Perameles gunii. Flora and Fauna Guarantee Action Statement No. 4, Department of Sustainability and Environment, East Melbourne, 8 pp. Badgery,W.B., Kemp, D.R., Michalk, D.L. and King, W.M. (2002) Competition between native grasses and serrated tussock (Nassella trichotoma) at low fertility – initial results. Plant Protection Quarterly 17(3), 95-98. Baeza, C.M., Marticorena, C., Stuessy, T., Ruiz, E. and Negritto, M. (2007) Poaceae en el archipelago de Juan Fernandez (Robinson Crusoe). Gayana Botánica 64(2), 125-174. Baker-Gabb, D. (1993) Managing native grasslands to maintain biodiversity and conserve the plains-wanderer. RAOU Conservation Statement No. 8, Supplement to Wingspan 10, June, 8 pp. Baker-Gabb, D. (2003) Plains Wanderer Pedionomus torquatus. Flora and Fauna Guarantee Action Statement No. 66, Department of Sustainability and Environment, East Melbourne, 6 pp. Baldwin, I.T., Kessler, A. and Halitschke, R. (2002) Volatile signaling in plant-plant-herbivore interactions: what is real? Current Opinion in Plant Biology 5, 1-4. Baldwin, J.G., Nadler, S.A. and Adams, B.J. (2004) Evolution of plant parasitism among nematodes. Annual Review of Phytopathology 42, 83- 105. Barbosa, E.G., Pivello, V.R. and Meirelles, S.T. (2008) Allelopathic evidence in Brachiaria decumbens and its potential to invade the Brazilian cerrados. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 51(4), 825-832. Barger, N.N., D’Antonio, C.M.,Ghneim, T. and Cuevas, E. (2003) Constraints to colonization and growth of the African grass, Melinis minutiflora, in a Venezuelan savanna. Plant Ecology 167, 31-43. Barker, G.M. (2008) Mollusc herbivory influenced by endophytic clavicipitaceaous fungal infection in grasses. Annals of Applied Biology 153, 381-393. Barker, R.D. and Vestjens, W.J.M. (1989) The Food of Australian Birds 1. Non-Passerines. CSIRO, Melbourne. Barker, R.D. and Vestjens, W.J.M. (1990) The Food of Australian Birds 2. Passerines. CSIRO, Melbourne. Barkworth, M.E. (1990) Nassella (Gramineae, Stipeae): revised interpretation and nomenclatural changes. Taxon 39, 597-614. Barkworth, M.E. (1993) North American Stipeae (Gramineae): taxonomic changes and other comments. Phytologia 74(1), 1-25. Barkworth, M.E. (2006) Stipeae. Web site of the Intermountain Herbarium, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA. http://herbarium.usu.edu./stipeae/ (Accessed 24 September 2006, 16 July 2007). Barkworth, M.E., Capels, K.M., Arderton, L., Long, S. and Piep, M.B. (Eds.) (2007) Manual of Grasses for North America. Flora North America North of Mexico Volumes 24 and 25. Intermountain Herbarium, Utah State University http://herbarium.usu.edu/grassmanual [Accessed 17 August 2007] Barkworth, M.E. and Everett, J. (1986) Evolution in the Stipeae: identification and relationships of its monophyletic taxa. In T.S. Soderstrom, K.W. Hilu, C.S. Campbell and M.E. Barkworth (Eds.), Grass Systematics and Evolution, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, USA, pp. 251-264. Barkworth, M. E. and Torres, M.A. (2001) Distribution and diagnostic characters of Nassella (Poaceae: Stipeae). Taxon 50, 439-468. Barlow, B.A. (1981) The Australian flora: its origin and evolution. In A.S. George (Ed.), Flora of Australia Volume 1. Introduction. 1st Ed., Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, pp. 25-75. Barlow, T.J. and Ross, J.R. (2001) Vegetation of the Victorian volcanic plain. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 113, 25-28. Barrett, S.C. (1983) Crop mimicry in weeds. Economic Botany 37, 255-288. Bartley, M.J., Parsons, R.F. and Scarlett, N.H. (1990) Stipa neesiana (Chilean Needle Grass) threat to grassland reserves and endangered plants in the Melbourne region. Letter from Department of Botany, LaTrobe University, to John Taylor, Acting Regional Manager, Melbourne Region, Department of Conservation and Environment, 7 May, 2 pp. Barwick, P. (1999) Weeds and roadsides. In A.C. Bishop, M. Boersma and C.D. Barnes (Eds.), 12th Australian Weeds Conference Papers and Proceedings, Tasmanian Weed Society, Devenport, pp. 678-680. Beames, L., Hocking, C. and Wlodarcyzk, P. (2005) Best practice management of Chilean needle grass (Nassella neesiana) in conservation reserves – the seed bank story. Plant Protection Quarterly 20(1), 2-8. Beauglehole, A.C. (1983) The Distribution and Conservation of Vascular Plants in the Melbourne Area, Victoria. Western Victorian Field Naturalists Clubs Association, Portland. Beauglehole, A.C. (1987) The Distribution and Conservation of Vascular Plants in the Wimmera Area, Victoria. A.C. and H.M. Beauglehole, Portland. Bedggood,W. and Moerkerk, M. (compilers) (2002) Integrated weed management results from a workshop on Chilean needle grass management held at Victoria University of Technology, St Albans, Victoria, 2 October 2002. Cooperative Research Centre for Weed Management Systems, Adelaide, 12 pp. Bennett, A.F. (1995) Wetern Grey Kangaroo. In P.W. Menkhorst (Ed.), Mammals of Victoria. Distribution, Ecology and Conservation. Oxford University Press, Melbourne, pp. 136-138. Benson, D. and von Richter, L. (2009) Ecology of Cumberland Plain Woodland. http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/science/current_research/Ecology_of_Cumberland_Plain_Woodland [Accessed 10 June 2009] Benson, J.S. (2004) The native grasslands of the Monaro region: Southern Tablelands of NSW. Cunninghamia 3(3), 609-650. 180
Benson, D. and McDougall, L. (2005) Ecology of Sydney plant species Part 10. Monocotyledon families Lemnaceae to Zosteraceae. Cunninghamia 9(1), 16-212. Benson, J.S. and Redpath, P.A. (1997) The nature of pre-European native vegetation in south-eastern Australia: a critique of Ryan, D.G., Ryan, J.R. and Starr, B.J. (1995) The Australian Landscape – Observation of Explorers and Early Settlers. Cunninghamia 5(2), 285-328. Berg, R.Y. (1975) Myrmecochorous plants in Australia and their dispersal by ants. Australian Journal of Botany 23, 475-508. Berry, S. and Mulvaney, M. (1995) An Environmental Weed Survey of the Australian Capital Territory. A Report Prepared for the Conservation Council of the South-east Region and Canberra. August. Biedermann, R., Achtziger, R., Nickel, H. and Stewart, A.J.A. (2005) Conservation of grassland leafhoppers: a brief review. Journal of Insect Conservation 9, 229-243. Blackburn, M. (1983) The redheaded pasture cockchafer. Agnote 2042/83, Department of Agriculture Victoria, 3 pp. Blakers, M., Davies, S.J.J.F. and Reilly, P.N. (1984) The Atlas of Australian Birds. Melbourne University Press, Carlton. Bloomfield, T. and McPhee, S. (2006) Rabbits, foxes and feral pigs- how do they impact on weeds? Plant Protection Quarterly 21(4), 148-151. Boeckmann, B., Bairoch, A., Apweiler, R., Blatter, M.C., Estreicher, A., Gasteiger, E., Martin, M.J., Michoud, K., O’Donovan, C., Phan, I., Pibout, S. and Schneider, M. (2003) The SWISS-PROT protein knowledgebase and its supplement TrEMBL in 2003. Nucleic Acid Research 31, 365-370. Booth, R.G., Cox, M.L. and Madge, R.B. (1990) IEE Guides to Insects of Importance to Man 3. Coleoptera. International Institute of Entomology, Wallingford, UK. Bond, W.J., Silander, J.A., Ranaivonasy, J. and Ratsirarson, J. (2008) The antiquity of Madagascar’s grasslands and the rise of C 4 grassy biomes. Journal of Biogeography 35, 1743-1758. Boucek, Z. (1988) Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymnoptera). A Biosystematic Revision of Genera of Fourteen Families, with a Reclassification of Species. CAB International, Wallingford, UK. Bouchenak-Khelladi, Y., Verboom, G.A., Hodkinson, T.R., Salamin, N., Francois, O., Chonghaile, G.N. and Savolainen, V. (2009) The origins and diversification of C 4 grasses and savanna-adapted ungulates. Global Change Biology 15, 2397-2417. Bourdôt, G.W. (1988) Chilean needle grass management for eradication. Guidleines for farmers. New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Aglink FPP884, 1st Ed., 2 pp. Bourdôt, G.W. (1989) Letter to Dr. R.F. Parsons, Botany Department, LaTrobe University (addressed to University of Melbourne) from Ministryof Agriculture and Fisheries New Zealand, re Stipa neesiana, 13 November, 1 p. Bourdôt, G.W. and Hurrell, G.A. (1987a) Chilean needle grass (Stipa neesiana). 1. Control with herbicides in pasture. Proceedings of the 40th New Zealand Pest and Weed Control Conference, pp. 204-207. Bourdôt, G.W. and Hurrell, G.A. (1987b) Chilean needle grass (Stipa neesiana) 2. Herbicidal control in lucerne. Proceedings of the 40th New Zealand Pest and Weed Control Conference, pp. 208-211. Bourdôt, G.W. and Hurrell, G.A. (1989a) Cover of Stipa neesiana Trin. and Rupr. (Chilean needle grass) on agricultural and pastoral land near Lake Grassmere, Marlborough. New Zealand Journal of Botany 27, 415-420. Bourdôt, G.W. and Hurrell, G.A. (1989b) Ingress of Stipa neesiana Trin. and Rupr. into swards of Lolium perenne L., Dactylis glomerata L. and Phalaris aquatica L., on a dry, low-fertility soil in Marlborough as affected by fertiliser and 2,2-DPA. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 32, 317-326. Bourdôt, G.W. and Hurrell, G.A. (1992) Aspects of the ecology of Stipa neesiana Trin. and Rupr. seeds. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 35, 101-108. Bourdôt, G.W. and Ryde, D.H. (1986) Chilean needle grass Stipa neesiana. Significance, identification, control. Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries aglink FPP 675, 1st Ed., Information Services MAF, Wellington, 2 pp. Bowden, W.M. and Senn, H.A. (1962) Chromosome numbers in 28 grass genera from South America. Canadian Journal of Botany 40, 1115- 1124 Braby, M.F. (2000) Butterflies of Australia. Their Identification, Biology and Distribution. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Victoria. Braby, M.F. and Dunford, M. (2006) Field observation on the ecology of the golden sun moth, Synemon plana Walker (Lepidoptera: Castniidae). Australian Entomologist 33(2), 103-110. Bramwells, H. (2003) Brittle Greenhood Pterostylis truncata. Flora and Fauna Guarantee Action Statement No. 63, Department of Sustainabilityand Environment, East Melbourne, 8 pp. Brereton, R. and Backhouse, G. (2003) Southern Lined Earless Dragon Tympanocryptis lineata lineata. Flora and Fauna Guarantee Action Statement No. 63, Department of Sustainabilityand Environment, East Melbourne, 6 pp. Briese, D.T. and Evans, H.C. (1998) Biological control of serrated tussock (Nassella trichotoma): is it worth pursuing? Plant Protection Quarterly 13(2), 94-97. Briese, D.T., McLaren, D.A., Pettit, W.J., Zapater, M., Anderson, F., Delhey, R. and Distel, R. (2000) New biological control initiatives against weeds of South American origin in Australia: Nassella tussock grasses and blue heliotrope. Proceedings of the X International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds 4-14 July 1999, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA, N.R. Spencer (Ed.), pp. 215-223. Britt, D. (2001) An investigation into the taxonomy, natural enemies and control methods for Chilean needle grass in Australia. B.Appl.Sci. (Hons.) thesis, Department of Applied Biology/Biotechnology, RMIT University. Britt, D.L., Lawrie, A.C. and McLaren, D.A. (2002) Genetic variation in Nassella neesiana (Chilean needlegrass) in Australia. Plant Protection Quarterly 17(3), 125. Britton, E.B. (1987) A revision of the Australian chafers (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae) Vol. 5. Tribes Scitalini and Comophorini. Invertebrate Taxonomy 1, 685-799. Brown, P.R. (1987) Draft Management Plan for the conservation of the Eastern Barred Bandicoot, Perameles gunnii, in Victoria. Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research Technical Report Series No. 41, 70 pp. Brown, P.R., Wallis, R.L., Simmons, D. and Adams, R. (1991) Weeds and wildlife. Plant Protection Quarterly 6(3), 150-153. Brown, W.V. (1952) The relation of soil moisture to cleistogamy in Stipa leucotricha. Botanical Gazette 113, 438-444. Browning, T.O. (1954) Observations on the ecology of the Australian field cricket, Gryllus commodus Walker, in the field. Australian Journal of Zoology 2, 205-222. Bruce, N. (2001) ACT Survey of Chilean Needle Grass (Nassella neesiana). A Report Prepared for Environment ACT, February, 55 pp. 181
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Literature review: Impact of Chilea
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Fire 49 Other disturbances 50 Shade
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Conventions and standards Botanical
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neesiana appears to be a habitat ge
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population densities of existing sp
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elated plants have similar defences
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For invasion to occur there must be
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As yet there appears to be no evide
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experimental manipulation of specie
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species tend to be those which tran
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Taxonomy and nomenclature Stipeae N
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Vernacular names ‘Needlegrass’
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to Bouchenak-Khelladi et al. 2009).
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1 m (Walsh 1994), ca. 90 cm (Verloo
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Figure 2. Anatomy of the seed of N.
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are the seeds larger/smaller, longe
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also based on a misunderstanding of
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Table 2. Modified Feekes Scale for
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Argentina, in the provinces of Chac
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Figure 3. Recorded distribution of
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1994). Only 3 of 186 exotic grasses
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According to Morfe et al. (2003) th
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populations have been found in the
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(Honaine et al. 2006). The flechill
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In Australia the altitudinal range
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Proximity to urban development appe
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In the southern Brazilian campos of
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arundinacea (Gardener et al. 2005).
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al. 2008). Cues for masting may be
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Approximately 200 alien grass speci
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Dispersal of seed in contaminated s
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In New Zealand, Hurrell et al. (199
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No emergence was observed in undist
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and high impact (“ability to caus
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also noted that despite a wide rang
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a small reduction in seedhead produ
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Slashing and mowing Slashing can re
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Themeda re-establishment McDougall
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species (Lawton and Schroder 1977 p
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y increased importance of ant grani
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BIODIVERSITY “Biodiversity ... on
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According to Woods (1997 p. 61) “
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2004, Richardson and van Wilgen 200
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negative depending on the particula
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Competition with native plants Comp
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asexual seed production, so local f
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GRASSLANDS Grasses: “... the most
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susceptible to N. neesiana invasion
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Floristic composition, vegetation s
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proportion of the flora then presen
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tussock space (Stuwe and Parsons 19
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Like vascular plant diversity, comm
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Opinions differ on the nature and i
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Species Common Name Family Aust ACT
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in shifting the distribution, exten
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of these systems is largely explain
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pasture. The least understood trans
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tend to benefit more from relaxed c
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Bovids crop their food between the
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are therefore less likely to distur
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esult in a “short-term flush” o
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Fire effects on weeds Moore (1993 p
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Table 8. Typical nutrient levels in
Page 127 and 128:
grasses produced sigificantly more
Page 129 and 130: Fossorial vertebrates are or were o
Page 131 and 132: (Rosengren 1999). Approximately one
Page 133 and 134: Table 12. Areal extent and conserva
Page 135 and 136: Foreman (1997) investigated the eff
Page 137 and 138: Willis (1964) considered that the f
Page 139 and 140: Austrostipa-Enneapogon) from around
Page 141 and 142: Woodlands and New England Grassy Wo
Page 143 and 144: Thylogale billardierii), Peramelida
Page 145 and 146: Its original habitat on the mainlan
Page 147 and 148: Table 17. Endangered reptile specie
Page 149 and 150: equirement, but unlike plants and v
Page 151 and 152: e assigned the same biodiversity sc
Page 153 and 154: Nematodes are mostly minute animals
Page 155 and 156: found in all mainland states, O. co
Page 157 and 158: Keyacris scurra, Melbourne (1993) o
Page 159 and 160: was once widespread in south- easte
Page 161 and 162: eing sluggish and wingless, and exi
Page 163 and 164: estoration and, if Australia follow
Page 165 and 166: close to the plant are able to bury
Page 167 and 168: Species *Chirothrips mexicanus Craw
Page 169 and 170: Table A2.1 (continued) Species Life
Page 171 and 172: Table A2.1 (continued) Species *Het
Page 177 and 178: Nematodes of grasses and grasslands
Page 179: REFERENCES Aceñolaza, F.G. (2004)
Page 183 and 184: Chan, C.W. (1980) Natural grassland
Page 185 and 186: DNRE (Department of Natural Resourc
Page 187 and 188: Fuhrer, B. (1993) A Field Companion
Page 189 and 190: Groves, R.H. and Whalley, R.D.B. (2
Page 191 and 192: Iaconis, L. (2004) Chilean needle g
Page 193 and 194: Levine, J.M., Adler, P.B. and Yelen
Page 195 and 196: McDougall, K.L. (1987) Sites of Bot
Page 197 and 198: Morfe, T.A., McLaren, D.A. and Weis
Page 199 and 200: Perelman, S.B., León, R.J.C. and O
Page 201 and 202: Saunders, D.A. (1999) Biodiversity
Page 203 and 204: Thellung, A. (1912) La flore advent
Page 205 and 206: Weiss, J. and McLaren, D. (2002) Vi
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