Literature review: Impact of Chilean needle grass ... - Weeds Australia

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Vines, G. (2006) Aliens in sheep’s clothing. New Scientist 190(2546), 54-55. Virtue, J.G., Crossman, N.D. and Richards, N. (2004) Future directions for managing perennial grass weeds in South Australia. Plant Protection Quarterly 19(2), 84-88. Virtue, J.G. and Melland, R.L. (2003) The Environmental Weed Risk of Revegetaion and Forestry Plants. Department of Water, Land and Biodiversity Conservation, South Australia, 169 pp. Vitou, J., Scott, J.K. and Sheppard, A.W. (2004)The patterns of harvester ant removal of wild radish seeds inthe native range: the importance of generalist seed predators to weed management. In J. M. Cullen, D.T. Briese, D.J. Kriticos, W.M. Lonsdale, L. Morin and J.K. Scott (Eds.), Proceedings of the XI International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds, CSIRO, Canberra, pp. 188-192. Vitousek, P.M., D’Antonio, C.M., Loope, L.L., Rejmánek, M. and Westbrooks, R. (1997) Introduced species: a significant component of humancaused global change. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 21(1), 1-16. Vitousek, P.M. and Walker, L.R. (1989) Biological invasion by Myrica faya in Hawai'i: plant demography, nitrogen fixation, ecosystem effects. Ecological Monographs 59(3), 247-265. Vitousek, P.M.,Walker, L.R. ,Whiteaker, L.D., Mueller-Dombois, D. and Matson, P.A. (1987) Biological invasion by Myrica faya alters ecosystem development in Hawaii. Science 238(4828), 802-4.: Von der Lippe, M. and Kowarik, I. (2007a) Long distance dispersal of plants by vehicles as a driver of plant invasions. Conservation Biology 21(4), 986-996. Von der Lippe, M. and Kowarik, I. (2007b) Do cities export biodiversity? Traffic as dispersal vector across urban-rural gradients. Diversity and Distributions 14(1), 18-25. Wadham, S.M. and Wood, G.L. (1950) Land Utilization in Australia. 2nd Ed., Melbourne University Press, Carlton. Wainer, J.W. (1992) Diet of the Striped Legless Lizard (Delma impar) at the Derrimut Grassland Reserve, to the west of Melbourne. Unpublished report. 6 pp. Wajnberg, E.,Scott, J.K. and Quimby, P.C. (Eds.) (2001) Evaluating Indirect Ecological Effects of Biological Control. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK. Wakefield, N.A. (1963a) Sub-fossils from Mount Hamilton, Victoria. Victorian Naturalist 79(11), 323-330. Wakefield, N.A. (1963b) Mammal sub-fossils from near Portland, Victoria. Victorian Naturalist 80(2), 39-45. Wakefield, N.A. (1964a) Mammal sub-fossils from basalt caves in south-western Victoria. Victorian Naturalist 80(9), 274-278. Wakefield, N.A. (1964b) Recent mammalian sub-fossils of the basalt plains of Victoria. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 77(2), 419- 425. Walsh, N.G. (1994) Poaceae. In N.G. Walsh and T.J. Entwisle (Eds.) (1994) Flora of Victoria Volume 2. Ferns and Allied Plants, Conifers and Monocotyledons. Melbourne, Inkata Press, pp. 356-627. Walsh, N.G. (1998) Identification of South American tussock weeds. Plant Protection Quarterly 13(2), 59-62. Walsh, N.G. (1999) Senecio. In N.G. Walsh and T.J. Entwisle (Eds.) (1994) Flora of Victoria Volume 4. Dicotyledons. Cornaceae to Asteraceae. Melbourne, Inkata Press, pp. 941-965. Walsh, N.G. and Stajsic, V. (2007) A Census of the Vascular Plants of Victoria. 8th Ed., National Herbarium of Victoria, South Yarra. Walter, H.S. and Levin, G.A. (2008) Feral sheep on Socorro Island: facilitators of alien plant colonization and ecosystem decay. Diversity and Distributions 14, 422-431. Wang, B. and Qiu, Y.-L. (2006) Phylogenetic distribution and evolution of mycorrhizas in land plants. Mycorrhiza 16, 299-363. Wang, Q., Jin, S. and Ruan, X. (2009) Ecological explanations for successful invasion of exotic plants. Frontiers of Biology in China 4, 271-281. Wapshere, A.J. (1990) Biological control of grass weeds in Australia: an appraisal. Plant Protection Quarterly 5(2), 62-75. Wapshere, A.J. (1993) Aspects of biological control of grass weeds in pastures. In E.S. Delfosse (Ed.), Pests of Pastures. Weed, Invertebrate and Disease Pests of Australian Sheep Pastures. CSIRO Information Services, Melbourne, pp. 342-346. Waterhouse, D.F. (1998) Foreword. In M.H. Julien and M.W. Griffiths, M.W. (Eds.) Biological Control of Weeds. A World Catalogueof Agents and their Target Weeds. 4th Ed., CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK, p. vi. Watson, J.A.L. (1982) Distribution, biology and speciation in the Australian harvester termites, Drepanotermes (Isoptera: Termitinae). In W.R. Barker and P.J.M. Greenslade, Evolution of the Flora and Fauna of Arid Australia, Peacock Publications in association with Australian Systematic Botany Society and ANZAAS South Australian Division Inc., Frewville, South Australia, pp. 263-265. Watson. L. and Dallwitz, M.J. 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(2004) The potential for classical biological control of invasive grass species with special reference to invasive Sporobolus spp. (Poaceae) in Australia. In J.M.Cullen, D.T. Briese, D.J. Kriticos, W.M. Lonsdale, L. Morin and J.K. Scott (Eds.), Proceedings of the XI International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds, Canberra, Australia, 27 April-2 May 2003, pp. 198-202. Wolters, V., Bengtsson, J. and Zaitsev, A.S. (2006) Relationship among the species richness of different taxa. Ecology 87(8), 1886-1895. Woods, K.D. (1997) Community response to plant invasion. In J.O. Luken and J.W. Thieret (Eds.), Assessment and Management of Plant Invasions. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 57-68. Yen, A.L. (1995) Some issues involved in the conservation of lowland native grassland invertebrates. In S. Sharp and R. Rehwinkel (Eds.), Management of Relict Lowland Grasslands. Proceedings of a Workshop and Public Seminar, September 24 and 25 1993. 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Literature review: Impact of Chilea
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Fire 49 Other disturbances 50 Shade
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Conventions and standards Botanical
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neesiana appears to be a habitat ge
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population densities of existing sp
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elated plants have similar defences
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For invasion to occur there must be
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As yet there appears to be no evide
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experimental manipulation of specie
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species tend to be those which tran
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Taxonomy and nomenclature Stipeae N
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Vernacular names ‘Needlegrass’
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to Bouchenak-Khelladi et al. 2009).
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1 m (Walsh 1994), ca. 90 cm (Verloo
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Figure 2. Anatomy of the seed of N.
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are the seeds larger/smaller, longe
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also based on a misunderstanding of
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Table 2. Modified Feekes Scale for
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Argentina, in the provinces of Chac
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Figure 3. Recorded distribution of
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1994). Only 3 of 186 exotic grasses
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According to Morfe et al. (2003) th
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populations have been found in the
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(Honaine et al. 2006). The flechill
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In Australia the altitudinal range
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Proximity to urban development appe
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In the southern Brazilian campos of
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arundinacea (Gardener et al. 2005).
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al. 2008). Cues for masting may be
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Approximately 200 alien grass speci
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Dispersal of seed in contaminated s
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In New Zealand, Hurrell et al. (199
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No emergence was observed in undist
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and high impact (“ability to caus
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also noted that despite a wide rang
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a small reduction in seedhead produ
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Slashing and mowing Slashing can re
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Themeda re-establishment McDougall
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species (Lawton and Schroder 1977 p
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y increased importance of ant grani
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BIODIVERSITY “Biodiversity ... on
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According to Woods (1997 p. 61) “
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2004, Richardson and van Wilgen 200
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negative depending on the particula
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Competition with native plants Comp
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asexual seed production, so local f
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GRASSLANDS Grasses: “... the most
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susceptible to N. neesiana invasion
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Floristic composition, vegetation s
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proportion of the flora then presen
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tussock space (Stuwe and Parsons 19
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Like vascular plant diversity, comm
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Opinions differ on the nature and i
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Species Common Name Family Aust ACT
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in shifting the distribution, exten
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of these systems is largely explain
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pasture. The least understood trans
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tend to benefit more from relaxed c
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Bovids crop their food between the
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are therefore less likely to distur
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esult in a “short-term flush” o
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Fire effects on weeds Moore (1993 p
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Table 8. Typical nutrient levels in
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grasses produced sigificantly more
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Fossorial vertebrates are or were o
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(Rosengren 1999). Approximately one
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Table 12. Areal extent and conserva
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Foreman (1997) investigated the eff
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Willis (1964) considered that the f
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Austrostipa-Enneapogon) from around
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Woodlands and New England Grassy Wo
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Thylogale billardierii), Peramelida
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Its original habitat on the mainlan
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Table 17. Endangered reptile specie
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equirement, but unlike plants and v
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e assigned the same biodiversity sc
Page 153 and 154: Nematodes are mostly minute animals
Page 155 and 156: found in all mainland states, O. co
Page 157 and 158: Keyacris scurra, Melbourne (1993) o
Page 159 and 160: was once widespread in south- easte
Page 161 and 162: eing sluggish and wingless, and exi
Page 163 and 164: estoration and, if Australia follow
Page 165 and 166: close to the plant are able to bury
Page 167 and 168: Species *Chirothrips mexicanus Craw
Page 169 and 170: Table A2.1 (continued) Species Life
Page 171 and 172: Table A2.1 (continued) Species *Het
Page 177 and 178: Nematodes of grasses and grasslands
Page 179 and 180: REFERENCES Aceñolaza, F.G. (2004)
Page 181 and 182: Benson, D. and McDougall, L. (2005)
Page 183 and 184: Chan, C.W. (1980) Natural grassland
Page 185 and 186: DNRE (Department of Natural Resourc
Page 187 and 188: Fuhrer, B. (1993) A Field Companion
Page 189 and 190: Groves, R.H. and Whalley, R.D.B. (2
Page 191 and 192: Iaconis, L. (2004) Chilean needle g
Page 193 and 194: Levine, J.M., Adler, P.B. and Yelen
Page 195 and 196: McDougall, K.L. (1987) Sites of Bot
Page 197 and 198: Morfe, T.A., McLaren, D.A. and Weis
Page 199 and 200: Perelman, S.B., León, R.J.C. and O
Page 201 and 202: Saunders, D.A. (1999) Biodiversity
Page 203: Thellung, A. (1912) La flore advent
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