Literature review: Impact of Chilean needle grass ... - Weeds Australia

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Invasive grasses - impacts and threats 88 Impacts of N. neesiana 91 GRASSLANDS 93 Definitions of grassland 93 Evolution of grasslands 93 Australian grassland formations 94 Floristic composition, vegetation structure and ecology 97 Non-vascular plants and fungi 102 Soil microflora 103 Exotic plant components 103 Rare and endangered plants 105 Ecological history 108 Aboriginal management 109 European Management 110 Mammal grazing 113 Sheep and cattle 115 Rabbits and hares 117 Marsupials 118 The role and effects of fire 119 Nutrients and soil factors 124 Above- and below-ground biomass 124 Soil nutrient levels 124 Weed invasion and nutrient enrichment 125 Nitrogen dynamics of competing C 3 and C 4 grasses 126 Nutrient enrichment, nutrient reduction and grassland restoration 127 Soil disturbance by animals 128 Native temperate grasslands of south-eastern Australia and their conservation status 130 Victoria 130 Gippsland Grasslands 131 Northern Plains Grasslands 134 Victorian Basalt Plains Grasslands 135 South Australia 138 Tasmania 138 New South Wales and Australian Capital Territory 139 Southern Tablelands (NSW and ACT) 139 Northern Tablelands (NSW) 140 South West Slopes and Riverina (NSW) 141 Grassland fauna 142 Vertebrates 142 Invertebrates 148 Grass-feeding insects 153 Australian Grassland Invertebrate Faunas 156 Conservation of grassland invertebrates 157 Impact of N. neesiana on invertebrates 162 Grassland restoration 162 CONCLUSIONS 163 LITERATURE REVIEW APPENDIX 166 Appendix L1. Grass-feeding invertebrates of south-eastern Australian temperate grasslands 166 Nematodes of grasses and grasslands 177 REFERENCES 179 4
Conventions and standards Botanical names follow Walsh and Stajsic (2007) or Shepherd et al. (2001), where possible, unless outdated. Use has also been made of the International Plant Names Index (2007) [http://www.ipni.org] and ‘World Grass Species: Synonymy’ (Clayton et al. 2002 onwards). Literature references to Danthonia and Australian Stipa have generally been altered to Austrodanthonia and Austrostipa/Nassella/Achnatherum unless there were clear reasons to retain the historical useages. Similarly, references to exotic stipoids have generally been changed, where necessary, to currently recognised genera, mainly following Barkworth (2006). Abbreviations ACT Australian Capital Territory c. circa, approximately C carbon Ca calcium cm centimetre DSE dry stock equivalent – the annual energy requirement of an adult merino wether EVC Ecological Vegetation Class gen. genus ha hectare K potassium kybp thousand years before present m metre mybp million years before present N nitrogen nov. new (as in nov. gen.) NSW New South Wales P phosphorus Qld Queensland S sulfur SA South Australia sp. species spp. more than one species t tonne Tas Tasmania Vic Victoria WA Western Australia ybp years before present 5
Page 1 and 2: Literature review: Impact of Chilea
Page 3: Fire 49 Other disturbances 50 Shade
Page 7 and 8: neesiana appears to be a habitat ge
Page 9 and 10: population densities of existing sp
Page 11 and 12: elated plants have similar defences
Page 13 and 14: For invasion to occur there must be
Page 15 and 16: As yet there appears to be no evide
Page 17 and 18: experimental manipulation of specie
Page 19 and 20: species tend to be those which tran
Page 21 and 22: Taxonomy and nomenclature Stipeae N
Page 23 and 24: Vernacular names ‘Needlegrass’
Page 25 and 26: to Bouchenak-Khelladi et al. 2009).
Page 27 and 28: 1 m (Walsh 1994), ca. 90 cm (Verloo
Page 29 and 30: Figure 2. Anatomy of the seed of N.
Page 31 and 32: are the seeds larger/smaller, longe
Page 33 and 34: also based on a misunderstanding of
Page 35 and 36: Table 2. Modified Feekes Scale for
Page 37 and 38: Argentina, in the provinces of Chac
Page 39 and 40: Figure 3. Recorded distribution of
Page 41 and 42: 1994). Only 3 of 186 exotic grasses
Page 43 and 44: According to Morfe et al. (2003) th
Page 45 and 46: populations have been found in the
Page 47 and 48: (Honaine et al. 2006). The flechill
Page 49 and 50: In Australia the altitudinal range
Page 51 and 52: Proximity to urban development appe
Page 53 and 54: In the southern Brazilian campos of
Page 55 and 56:
arundinacea (Gardener et al. 2005).
Page 57 and 58:
al. 2008). Cues for masting may be
Page 59 and 60:
Approximately 200 alien grass speci
Page 61 and 62:
Dispersal of seed in contaminated s
Page 63 and 64:
In New Zealand, Hurrell et al. (199
Page 65 and 66:
No emergence was observed in undist
Page 67 and 68:
and high impact (“ability to caus
Page 69 and 70:
also noted that despite a wide rang
Page 71 and 72:
a small reduction in seedhead produ
Page 73 and 74:
Slashing and mowing Slashing can re
Page 75 and 76:
Themeda re-establishment McDougall
Page 77 and 78:
species (Lawton and Schroder 1977 p
Page 79 and 80:
y increased importance of ant grani
Page 81 and 82:
BIODIVERSITY “Biodiversity ... on
Page 83 and 84:
According to Woods (1997 p. 61) “
Page 85 and 86:
2004, Richardson and van Wilgen 200
Page 87 and 88:
negative depending on the particula
Page 89 and 90:
Competition with native plants Comp
Page 91 and 92:
asexual seed production, so local f
Page 93 and 94:
GRASSLANDS Grasses: “... the most
Page 95 and 96:
susceptible to N. neesiana invasion
Page 97 and 98:
Floristic composition, vegetation s
Page 99 and 100:
proportion of the flora then presen
Page 101 and 102:
tussock space (Stuwe and Parsons 19
Page 103 and 104:
Like vascular plant diversity, comm
Page 105 and 106:
Opinions differ on the nature and i
Page 107 and 108:
Species Common Name Family Aust ACT
Page 109 and 110:
in shifting the distribution, exten
Page 111 and 112:
of these systems is largely explain
Page 113 and 114:
pasture. The least understood trans
Page 115 and 116:
tend to benefit more from relaxed c
Page 117 and 118:
Bovids crop their food between the
Page 119 and 120:
are therefore less likely to distur
Page 121 and 122:
esult in a “short-term flush” o
Page 123 and 124:
Fire effects on weeds Moore (1993 p
Page 125 and 126:
Table 8. Typical nutrient levels in
Page 127 and 128:
grasses produced sigificantly more
Page 129 and 130:
Fossorial vertebrates are or were o
Page 131 and 132:
(Rosengren 1999). Approximately one
Page 133 and 134:
Table 12. Areal extent and conserva
Page 135 and 136:
Foreman (1997) investigated the eff
Page 137 and 138:
Willis (1964) considered that the f
Page 139 and 140:
Austrostipa-Enneapogon) from around
Page 141 and 142:
Woodlands and New England Grassy Wo
Page 143 and 144:
Thylogale billardierii), Peramelida
Page 145 and 146:
Its original habitat on the mainlan
Page 147 and 148:
Table 17. Endangered reptile specie
Page 149 and 150:
equirement, but unlike plants and v
Page 151 and 152:
e assigned the same biodiversity sc
Page 153 and 154:
Nematodes are mostly minute animals
Page 155 and 156:
found in all mainland states, O. co
Page 157 and 158:
Keyacris scurra, Melbourne (1993) o
Page 159 and 160:
was once widespread in south- easte
Page 161 and 162:
eing sluggish and wingless, and exi
Page 163 and 164:
estoration and, if Australia follow
Page 165 and 166:
close to the plant are able to bury
Page 167 and 168:
Species *Chirothrips mexicanus Craw
Page 169 and 170:
Table A2.1 (continued) Species Life
Page 171 and 172:
Table A2.1 (continued) Species *Het
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Nematodes of grasses and grasslands
Page 179 and 180:
REFERENCES Aceñolaza, F.G. (2004)
Page 181 and 182:
Benson, D. and McDougall, L. (2005)
Page 183 and 184:
Chan, C.W. (1980) Natural grassland
Page 185 and 186:
DNRE (Department of Natural Resourc
Page 187 and 188:
Fuhrer, B. (1993) A Field Companion
Page 189 and 190:
Groves, R.H. and Whalley, R.D.B. (2
Page 191 and 192:
Iaconis, L. (2004) Chilean needle g
Page 193 and 194:
Levine, J.M., Adler, P.B. and Yelen
Page 195 and 196:
McDougall, K.L. (1987) Sites of Bot
Page 197 and 198:
Morfe, T.A., McLaren, D.A. and Weis
Page 199 and 200:
Perelman, S.B., León, R.J.C. and O
Page 201 and 202:
Saunders, D.A. (1999) Biodiversity
Page 203 and 204:
Thellung, A. (1912) La flore advent
Page 205 and 206:
Weiss, J. and McLaren, D. (2002) Vi
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Literature review: Impact of Chilean needle grass ... - Weeds Australia

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