Literature review: Impact of Chilean needle grass ... - Weeds Australia

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The greater height and density of N. neesiana swards than those of native grasses has been considered to make it a fire hazard (Liebert 1996), although no directly comparative quantitative data appears to have been published. Grasslands dominated by T. triandra are green in summer, while N. neesiana ceases to grow in summer after producing a large quantity of stems in spring and early summer. There are therefore good a priori reasons to suggest that N. neesiana might alter fire regimes by changing the seasonal distribution of fuel. Comparisons of total biomass of invaded and natural T. triandra grasslands during a range of seasons could easily determine this. Four threatened plant species are listed by ARMCANZ et al. (2001) as threatened by N. neesiana: Sunshine Diuris Diuris fragrantissima D.L. Jones and M.A. Clem., Small Milkwort Comesperma polygaloides, Plains Riceflower Pimelea spinescens and Button Wrinklewort Rutidosis leptorhynchoides. More details for D. fragrantissima are provided by Webster et al. (2004) and Vidler (2004) and for R. leptorynchoides by Humphries and Webster (2003). However the national strategic plan (ARMCANZ et al. 2001) fails to “identify the biodiversity at risk in a manner that can be used to deliver effective management” and contains no specific section on impact minimisation (Downey and Cherry 2005 p. 42). In summary, very little is known about the impact of N. neesiana on biodiversity and what little is ‘known’ appears to be largely based on simple correlative observations without adequate scientific study. Suggestions that the impacts are major or catastrophic appear to be founded on the rapid proliferation and high cover of the plant in native grasslands under conditions that have been poorly documented and in which the supposed impacts may be due to disturbance. Possibly N. neesiana is basically similar to a native grass and replacement of native grasses by N. neesiana may have little biodiversity impact. In the following section the atttributes of the temperate native grasslands of south-eastern Australia are examined and the effects of a range of disturbances on N. neesiana and the native grasses are discussed in more detail. 92
GRASSLANDS Grasses: “... the most important single family of ogranisms in the world of life ...” G. Ledyard Stebbins (1986 p. 360). This section provides general descriptions of Australian temperate grasslands and their biodiversity, including their palaeoecology and historical and current disturbance and management regimes, and the features and attributes that make them vulnerable to N. neesiana invasion Definitions of grassland Grasslands are plant communities structurally dominated by grasses and without trees (Mott and Groves 1984, McDougall 1999). One criterion for a grassland that is widely used in Australia is
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Literature review: Impact of Chilea
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Fire 49 Other disturbances 50 Shade
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Conventions and standards Botanical
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neesiana appears to be a habitat ge
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population densities of existing sp
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elated plants have similar defences
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For invasion to occur there must be
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As yet there appears to be no evide
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experimental manipulation of specie
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species tend to be those which tran
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Taxonomy and nomenclature Stipeae N
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Vernacular names ‘Needlegrass’
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to Bouchenak-Khelladi et al. 2009).
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1 m (Walsh 1994), ca. 90 cm (Verloo
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Figure 2. Anatomy of the seed of N.
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are the seeds larger/smaller, longe
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also based on a misunderstanding of
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Table 2. Modified Feekes Scale for
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Argentina, in the provinces of Chac
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Figure 3. Recorded distribution of
Page 41 and 42: 1994). Only 3 of 186 exotic grasses
Page 43 and 44: According to Morfe et al. (2003) th
Page 45 and 46: populations have been found in the
Page 47 and 48: (Honaine et al. 2006). The flechill
Page 49 and 50: In Australia the altitudinal range
Page 51 and 52: Proximity to urban development appe
Page 53 and 54: In the southern Brazilian campos of
Page 55 and 56: arundinacea (Gardener et al. 2005).
Page 57 and 58: al. 2008). Cues for masting may be
Page 59 and 60: Approximately 200 alien grass speci
Page 61 and 62: Dispersal of seed in contaminated s
Page 63 and 64: In New Zealand, Hurrell et al. (199
Page 65 and 66: No emergence was observed in undist
Page 67 and 68: and high impact (“ability to caus
Page 69 and 70: also noted that despite a wide rang
Page 71 and 72: a small reduction in seedhead produ
Page 73 and 74: Slashing and mowing Slashing can re
Page 75 and 76: Themeda re-establishment McDougall
Page 77 and 78: species (Lawton and Schroder 1977 p
Page 79 and 80: y increased importance of ant grani
Page 81 and 82: BIODIVERSITY “Biodiversity ... on
Page 83 and 84: According to Woods (1997 p. 61) “
Page 85 and 86: 2004, Richardson and van Wilgen 200
Page 87 and 88: negative depending on the particula
Page 89 and 90: Competition with native plants Comp
Page 91: asexual seed production, so local f
Page 95 and 96: susceptible to N. neesiana invasion
Page 97 and 98: Floristic composition, vegetation s
Page 99 and 100: proportion of the flora then presen
Page 101 and 102: tussock space (Stuwe and Parsons 19
Page 103 and 104: Like vascular plant diversity, comm
Page 105 and 106: Opinions differ on the nature and i
Page 107 and 108: Species Common Name Family Aust ACT
Page 109 and 110: in shifting the distribution, exten
Page 111 and 112: of these systems is largely explain
Page 113 and 114: pasture. The least understood trans
Page 115 and 116: tend to benefit more from relaxed c
Page 117 and 118: Bovids crop their food between the
Page 119 and 120: are therefore less likely to distur
Page 121 and 122: esult in a “short-term flush” o
Page 123 and 124: Fire effects on weeds Moore (1993 p
Page 125 and 126: Table 8. Typical nutrient levels in
Page 127 and 128: grasses produced sigificantly more
Page 129 and 130: Fossorial vertebrates are or were o
Page 131 and 132: (Rosengren 1999). Approximately one
Page 133 and 134: Table 12. Areal extent and conserva
Page 135 and 136: Foreman (1997) investigated the eff
Page 137 and 138: Willis (1964) considered that the f
Page 139 and 140: Austrostipa-Enneapogon) from around
Page 141 and 142: Woodlands and New England Grassy Wo
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Thylogale billardierii), Peramelida
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Its original habitat on the mainlan
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Table 17. Endangered reptile specie
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equirement, but unlike plants and v
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e assigned the same biodiversity sc
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Nematodes are mostly minute animals
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found in all mainland states, O. co
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Keyacris scurra, Melbourne (1993) o
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was once widespread in south- easte
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eing sluggish and wingless, and exi
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estoration and, if Australia follow
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close to the plant are able to bury
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Species *Chirothrips mexicanus Craw
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Table A2.1 (continued) Species Life
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Table A2.1 (continued) Species *Het
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Nematodes of grasses and grasslands
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REFERENCES Aceñolaza, F.G. (2004)
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Benson, D. and McDougall, L. (2005)
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Chan, C.W. (1980) Natural grassland
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DNRE (Department of Natural Resourc
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Fuhrer, B. (1993) A Field Companion
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Groves, R.H. and Whalley, R.D.B. (2
Page 191 and 192:
Iaconis, L. (2004) Chilean needle g
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Levine, J.M., Adler, P.B. and Yelen
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McDougall, K.L. (1987) Sites of Bot
Page 197 and 198:
Morfe, T.A., McLaren, D.A. and Weis
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Perelman, S.B., León, R.J.C. and O
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Saunders, D.A. (1999) Biodiversity
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Thellung, A. (1912) La flore advent
Page 205 and 206:
Weiss, J. and McLaren, D. (2002) Vi
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Literature review: Impact of Chilean needle grass ... - Weeds Australia

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