Literature review: Impact of Chilean needle grass ... - Weeds Australia

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Table A2.1 (continued) Species Life Family Order Host Host tissue References Notes stage Stenchaetothrips biformis (Bagnall) larva, Thripidae Thysanoptera *Oryza sativa Mound & Heming “found on grasses in moist habitats in Queensland” adult 1991 Aptinothrips rufus (Haliday) larva, Thripidae Thysanoptera Mound & Heming “common on grasses” adult 1991 Phibalothrips longiceps (Karny) larva, Thripidae Thysanoptera grasses leaves Mound & Palmer “feed on leaf tissue” adult 1972 Species related to Anapothrips Uzel Thripidae Thysanoptera grasses leaves Mound & Palmer “feed on leaf tissue” 1972 Leptocorisa acuta Thunberg, L. Alydidae Hemiptera grass - Gross 1991b “common on grasses” oratorius (Fabricius) Pemphiginae Aphididae Hemiptera grasses roots Gair et al. 1983, Carver 1991 *Metopolophium dirhodum all Aphididae Hemiptera *cereals, grasses Carver 1991 *Rhopalosiphon insertum (Walk.) all Aphididae Hemiptera *oat,*wheat, *barley, *rye; grasses roots Gair et al. 1983, anholocyclic on grass roots (Carver 1991) Carver 1991 *Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) all Aphididae Hemiptera *oat,*wheat, *barley, *rye, *maize, *cereals, grasses leaves Gair et al. 1983, Carver 1991 *Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) all Aphididae Hemiptera *oat,*wheat, *barley, *rye, *cereals, grasses leaves Gair et al. 1983, Carver 1991 *Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominalis Aphididae Hemiptera grasses, *rice roots Carver 1991 anholocyclic on grass roots (Sasaki) *Sitobion spp. Aphididae Hemiptera *cereals, grasses Carver 1991 Arawa pulchra Knight - Cicadellidae Hemiptera grass Day & Fletcher 1994 *(?) Arawa taedius (Kirkaldy) - Cicadellidae Hemiptera collected on grasses Evans 1966 probably synonymous with A. pulchra (Day & Fletcher 1994) Balclutha incisa (Matsumura) - Cicadellidae Hemiptera Poaceae Day & Fletcher 1994 plus hosts in several other families Balclutha punctata (Fabricius) - Cicadellidae Hemiptera mainly Poaceae Day & Fletcher 1994 Balclutha rosea (Scott) - Cicadellidae Hemiptera mainly Poaceae Day & Fletcher 1994 Chiasmus varicolor (Kirkaldy) - Cicadellidae Hemiptera collected on grass Evans 1966 Deltocephalinae - Cicadellidae Hemiptera grasses Fletcher & Semeraro 2001 Deltocephalinae: Macrostelini - Cicadellidae Hemiptera grasses Evans 1966 “many species feed on grasses” Exitianus spp. - Cicadellidae Hemiptera grasses Evans 1966 Hecalinae: Hecalini - Cicadellidae Hemiptera grasses Evans 1966 “probably that all species are grass-feeders” Day & Fletcher 1994 no Hecalini spp. known from NSW, Vic, SA, Tas *Nephotettix apicalis Motschulsky - Cicadellidae Hemiptera collected on grasses Evans 1966 not listed as an Australian sp. by Day & Fletcher 1994 Mircrolopa minuta Evans - Cicadellidae Hemiptera collected on grasses Evans 1966 Nesoclutha pallida (Evans) - Cicadellidae Hemiptera collected on grasses Evans 1966 - *cereals, *maize, Chloris, Day & Fletcher 1994 vector of viruses that attack these plants *Paspalum Pardorydium menalus Kirkaldy - Cicadellidae Hemiptera collected on grasses Evans 1966 Recilia hospes (Kirkaldy) - Cicadellidae Hemiptera *Cynodon dactylon, Digitaria Day & Fletcher 1994 other hosts: sedges, low shrubs henryi * Stirellus fatigandus (Kirkaldy) - Cicadellidae Hemiptera collected on grass Evans 1966 Togacephala vetus (Knight) - Cicadellidae Hemiptera grass Day & Fletcher 1994 plus other monocots and dicots 168
Table A2.1 (continued) Species Life Family Order Host Host tissue References Notes stage Cicadetta waterhousei (Distant) nymph Cicadidae Hemiptera grass roots Moulds 1990 habitat: “grasses of several species; usually long and partly or completely browned ... In South Australia ... often found on on dried-out seedbearing ...Avena spp.” Diemeniana euronotiana (Kirkaldy) nymph Cicadidae Hemiptera grasses roots Moulds 1990 habitat: “at low altitudes on grass ...” Diemeniana frenchi (Distant) nymph Cicadidae Hemiptera grasses roots Moulds 1990 habitat: “Grass, usually growing along river and creek flats” Oliarius nymph Cixiidae Hemiptera grass roots Gross 1983 Eriococcus Coccidae Hemiptera “Danthonia” Boucek 1988 New Zealand record; ?both plant and insect in SE Aust. Symonicoccus Coccidae Hemiptera grasses Williams1991 ?both plant and insect in SE Aust. Phaenacantha australiae Kirkaldy Colbathristidae Hemiptera ?grasses, *sugar cane Gross 1991a “occurs in large numbers on grasses in coastal Qld and may be a pest of sugar cane” ; ?both plant and insect in SE Aust. Cyminae? - Lygaeidae Hemiptera ?grasses seeds? Slater 1991 as Kosmioplex varicolor Kirkaldy Blissinae? - Lygaeidae Hemiptera grasses sap Slater 1991 subfamily occurs “most commonly on grasses” Opistholepis spp. - Lygaeidae Hemiptera grasses Slater 1976 ? in SE Australia Stenophlegyas spp. - Lygaeidae Hemiptera grasses Slater 1976 ? in SE Australia Stenophyella macreta Horváth - Lygaeidae Hemiptera grasses Slater 1976 1991 “often common in seed heads” (Slater 1991); “appears to feed on a number of grasses even when they are completely dry” (Slater 1976 p. 135) Anzac bipunctatus (Fabricius) - Membracidae Hemiptera collected on grasses Evans 1966 Euciodes suturalis Pascoe larva Anthribidae Coleoptera *Arrhenatherum elatius, *Bromus sp., *Dactylis glomarata, *Festuca stems Penman 1978, May 1994, Kuschel 1972, New Zealand host records, no published Australian data (Zimmerman 1994a) arundinacea,*Holcus lanatus Holloway 1982 Hispellinus larva adult Chrysomelidae Coleoptera Themeda leaves Jolivet & Hawkeswood 1995 Hispellinus australicus larva Chrysomelidae Coleoptera grasses leaves Matthews &Reid larva is a leafminer (Motschulsky) 2002 Oulemma spp. larva Chrysomelidae Coleoptera native and introduced grasses leaves Matthews &Reid 2002 Rupilia spp. ? larva Chrysomelidae Coleoptera grasses prob leaves Matthews &Reid 2002 hosts unclear. Eulalia in Central Australia Steriphus caudata (Pascoe) larva Curculionidae Coleoptera *cereals and pastures seeds, seedling stems, tiller bases *Graphognathus leucoloma (Boheman) larva, adult Allsopp & Hitchcock 1987 Curculionidae Coleoptera wild grasses, *maize Allsopp & Hitchcock 1987 in cereals “larvae eat out the swelling seeds .. bore into the underground part of the stem ... tillers may be affected without the plant dying” (Allsopp & Hitchcock 1987 p. 60). Wide host range outside Poaceae. “Adult weevils chew the foliage of most plants but rarely cause economic damage” (Allsopp & Hitchcock 1987 p. 51); wide host range outside Poaceae *Listronotus bonariensis (Kuschel) larva Curculionidae Coleoptera *Zea mays, *Lolium stem-miner May 1994 New Zealand Cubicorhynchus spp. larva Curculionidae Coleoptera native and introduced grasses roots, stems Zimmerman 1993 adult Cubicorhynchus calcaratus Macleay larva Curculionidae Coleoptera ?Austrostipa Zimmerman 1993 found in a clump of “Stipa” adult Cubicorhynchus crenicollis Waterhouse larva Curculionidae Coleoptera unidentifed grass May 1994 169
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Literature review: Impact of Chilea
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Fire 49 Other disturbances 50 Shade
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Conventions and standards Botanical
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neesiana appears to be a habitat ge
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population densities of existing sp
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elated plants have similar defences
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For invasion to occur there must be
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As yet there appears to be no evide
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experimental manipulation of specie
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species tend to be those which tran
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Taxonomy and nomenclature Stipeae N
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Vernacular names ‘Needlegrass’
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to Bouchenak-Khelladi et al. 2009).
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1 m (Walsh 1994), ca. 90 cm (Verloo
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Figure 2. Anatomy of the seed of N.
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are the seeds larger/smaller, longe
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also based on a misunderstanding of
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Table 2. Modified Feekes Scale for
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Argentina, in the provinces of Chac
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Figure 3. Recorded distribution of
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1994). Only 3 of 186 exotic grasses
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According to Morfe et al. (2003) th
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populations have been found in the
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(Honaine et al. 2006). The flechill
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In Australia the altitudinal range
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Proximity to urban development appe
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In the southern Brazilian campos of
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arundinacea (Gardener et al. 2005).
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al. 2008). Cues for masting may be
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Approximately 200 alien grass speci
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Dispersal of seed in contaminated s
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In New Zealand, Hurrell et al. (199
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No emergence was observed in undist
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and high impact (“ability to caus
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also noted that despite a wide rang
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a small reduction in seedhead produ
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Slashing and mowing Slashing can re
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Themeda re-establishment McDougall
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species (Lawton and Schroder 1977 p
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y increased importance of ant grani
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BIODIVERSITY “Biodiversity ... on
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According to Woods (1997 p. 61) “
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2004, Richardson and van Wilgen 200
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negative depending on the particula
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Competition with native plants Comp
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asexual seed production, so local f
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GRASSLANDS Grasses: “... the most
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susceptible to N. neesiana invasion
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Floristic composition, vegetation s
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proportion of the flora then presen
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tussock space (Stuwe and Parsons 19
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Like vascular plant diversity, comm
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Opinions differ on the nature and i
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Species Common Name Family Aust ACT
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in shifting the distribution, exten
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of these systems is largely explain
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pasture. The least understood trans
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tend to benefit more from relaxed c
Page 117 and 118: Bovids crop their food between the
Page 119 and 120: are therefore less likely to distur
Page 121 and 122: esult in a “short-term flush” o
Page 123 and 124: Fire effects on weeds Moore (1993 p
Page 125 and 126: Table 8. Typical nutrient levels in
Page 127 and 128: grasses produced sigificantly more
Page 129 and 130: Fossorial vertebrates are or were o
Page 131 and 132: (Rosengren 1999). Approximately one
Page 133 and 134: Table 12. Areal extent and conserva
Page 135 and 136: Foreman (1997) investigated the eff
Page 137 and 138: Willis (1964) considered that the f
Page 139 and 140: Austrostipa-Enneapogon) from around
Page 141 and 142: Woodlands and New England Grassy Wo
Page 143 and 144: Thylogale billardierii), Peramelida
Page 145 and 146: Its original habitat on the mainlan
Page 147 and 148: Table 17. Endangered reptile specie
Page 149 and 150: equirement, but unlike plants and v
Page 151 and 152: e assigned the same biodiversity sc
Page 153 and 154: Nematodes are mostly minute animals
Page 155 and 156: found in all mainland states, O. co
Page 157 and 158: Keyacris scurra, Melbourne (1993) o
Page 159 and 160: was once widespread in south- easte
Page 161 and 162: eing sluggish and wingless, and exi
Page 163 and 164: estoration and, if Australia follow
Page 165 and 166: close to the plant are able to bury
Page 167: Species *Chirothrips mexicanus Craw
Page 171 and 172: Table A2.1 (continued) Species *Het
Page 173 and 174: Table A2.1 (continued) Species Life
Page 175 and 176: Table A2.1 (continued) Species Life
Page 177 and 178: Nematodes of grasses and grasslands
Page 179 and 180: REFERENCES Aceñolaza, F.G. (2004)
Page 181 and 182: Benson, D. and McDougall, L. (2005)
Page 183 and 184: Chan, C.W. (1980) Natural grassland
Page 185 and 186: DNRE (Department of Natural Resourc
Page 187 and 188: Fuhrer, B. (1993) A Field Companion
Page 189 and 190: Groves, R.H. and Whalley, R.D.B. (2
Page 191 and 192: Iaconis, L. (2004) Chilean needle g
Page 193 and 194: Levine, J.M., Adler, P.B. and Yelen
Page 195 and 196: McDougall, K.L. (1987) Sites of Bot
Page 197 and 198: Morfe, T.A., McLaren, D.A. and Weis
Page 199 and 200: Perelman, S.B., León, R.J.C. and O
Page 201 and 202: Saunders, D.A. (1999) Biodiversity
Page 203 and 204: Thellung, A. (1912) La flore advent
Page 205 and 206: Weiss, J. and McLaren, D. (2002) Vi
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