Literature review: Impact of Chilean needle grass ... - Weeds Australia

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Table A2.1 (continued) Species Life Family Order Host Host tissue References Notes stage Cubicorhynchus sordidus Ferguson Curculionidae Coleoptera *Nassella trichotoma and “some roots, stems Zimmerman 1993 other grasses” Cubicorhynchus taurus Blackburn larva Curculionidae Coleoptera Austrostipa nitida, A. nodosa, Zimmerman 1993, possibly restricted to semiarid grasslands Enneapogon nigricans, Eragrostis eriopoda, unidentified grasses May 1994 *Floresianus sordidus Hustache Curculionidae Coleoptera Poaceae May 1994 ?insect found in SE Aust. *Linogeraeus urbanus (Boheman) larva adult Curculionidae Coleoptera *Paspalum distichum roots, stolons May 1994 as Paspalum paspaloides (sic); ?insect found in SE Aust. Maleuterpes spinipes Blackburn larva Curculionidae Coleoptera grass roots May 1994 main hosts Rutaceae; ?insect found in SE Aust. Phalidura abnormis (Macleay) larva adult Curculionidae Coleoptera *Nassella trichotoma Zimmerman 1993, May 1994 Phalidura elongata (Macleay) larva Curculionidae Coleoptera *Nassella trichotoma and “other grasses” underground parts Zimmerman 1993, May 1994 Sclerorinus sp. Curculionidae Coleoptera “Stipa sp.” May 1994 *Sphenophorus brunnipennis (Germar) Curculionidae Coleoptera *Pennisetum clandestinum and *“bent grass” basal nodes, crowns, stolons May 1994 ?insect found in SE Aust. - larva Elateridae Coleoptera grasses etc. Gregg 1997 damage seedlings Agrypnus and Hapatesus spp., larva Elateridae Coleoptera *wheat, *arley, *oats, *sugar cane, Allsopp & Hitchcock wireworms *maize, *sweet corn, *sorghum 1987, Calder 1996 “Grasslands and pasture are the natural habitat ... sporadic ... pests of newly-sown cereals” (Allsopp & Hitchcock 1987 p. 44) Arachnodima bribbarensis (Calder) & A. xenikon (Calder) larva Elateridae Coleoptera *Triticum aestivum seeds, seedlings Calder1996 larvae “attack germinating wheat seeds and seedlings” (Calder 1996 p. 139) Arachnodima ourapilla (Calder) larva Elateridae Coleoptera *Triticum aestivum Calder1996 “attacks wheat crops” (Calder 1996 p. 139) Arachnodima opaca Candèze larva Elateridae Coleoptera **Hordeum vulgare. Calder1996 “attacks barley crops” (Calder 1996 p. 139) Dicranolaius bellulus (Guérin- Méneville)/D. cinctus (Redtenbacher) adult Melyridae Coleoptera aquatic grasses, *rice flowers, seeds Hely 1958, Booth et al. 1990 normal foods of adults are flowers of sedges, rushes, and aquatic grasses “of the millet type” (Hely 1958 p. 30) Mordellistena spp. larva Mordellidae Coleoptera grasses stems Booth et al. 1990 no Australian grass host records located Melolonthinae - various larva Scarabaeidae Coleoptera pasture grasses roots Allsopp & Hitchcock 1987 Melolonthinae: Scitalini - various larva Scarabaeidae Coleoptera probably grasses roots Britton 1987 Adoryphorus couloni (Burmeister) larva Scarabaeidae Coleoptera grasses roots Blackburn 1983, Hill et al. 1993, McQuillan & Webb 1994Gregg 1997 “Pasture species that form a shallow-rooted turf (for example Yorkshire fog, barley grass and perennial ryegrass) are more susceptible to attack” (Blackburn 1983 p. 3); “reduce the productivity and persistence of perennial pastures” (McQuillan & Webb 1994 p. 49) Antitrogus spp. larva Scarabeidae Coleoptera grasses and other plants roots Allsopp 2003 Aphodius tasmaniae Hope larva Scarabaeidae Coleoptera grasses foliage Allsopp & Hitchcock 1987, Panetta et al. 1993, Gregg 1997 Chlorochiton sp. larva Scarabaeidae Coleoptera *Nassella trichotoma roots Lowe 1954 New Zealand sp., large patches killed in NZ *Cyclocephala signaticollis Burmeister larva Scarabaeidae Coleoptera pasture and lawn grasses roots Carne 1956 most abundant in Cynodon dactylon and Paspalum dilatatum swards (Carne 1956) 170
Table A2.1 (continued) Species *Heteronychus arator (Fabricius), Life stage larva adult Family Order Host Host tissue References Notes Scarabaeidae Coleoptera mainly damages grasses, larvae on matt-forming grasses incl. *kikuyu, *paspalum; *maize, *sweet corn, lawns, pastures roots, rhizomes, shoots, felled heads Allsopp & Hitchcock 1987, Panetta et al.1993, Gregg 1997 Saulostomus villosus Waterhouse Scitala sericans Erichson larva Scarabaeidae Coleoptera damages pastures roots Hardy 1976b, Allsopp & Hitchcock 1987 larvae on roots, adults on shoots or chew holes in stems of young plants larva Scarabaeidae Coleoptera damages pastures and turf roots Hardy 1976a the soil-dwelling larvae “feed on plant material including roots” (Hardy 1976a p. 282) Sericesthis consanguinea (Blackburn) larva Scarabaeidae Coleoptera *wheat, *oats roots Allsopp & Hitchcock 1987 Sericesthis geminata Boisduval larva Scarabaeidae Coleoptera grasses, including *Lolium perenne roots Carne & Chinnick 1957, Wensler 1971, Allsopp & Hitchcok 1987, Panetta et al.1993, Gregg 1997 Sericesthis harti Sharp larva Scarabaeidae Coleoptera *cereals roots Allsopp & Hitchcock 1987 Sericesthis nigrolineata (Boisd.) larva Scarabaeidae Coleoptera grasses, incl. *Lolium perenne roots Ridsdill-Smith 1975, Hardy 1976b, Allsopp & Hitchcock 1987, Britton 1987, Gregg 1997 - larva Tenebrionidae Coleoptera grasses etc. Gregg 1997 damage seedlings Helea, Pterohelaeus, Gonocephalum, larvae, Tenebrionidae Coleoptera *cereals, incl. *Triticum aestivum seeds, Isopteron and Saragus spp. adults seedlings - larva Agromyzidae Diptera grasses, *rice leaves, stems Allsopp & Hitchcock 1987, Matthews & Bouchard 2008 Wapshere 1990, Colless & McAlpine 1991, Hely 1958 “after entering the third instar ... the larvae confine their feeding to the roots of grasses” (Carne & Chinnick 1957 p. 608); “prefer grasses over broadleaf plants” (Allsopp & Hitchcock 1987 p. 20); “feed upon young roots” (Britton 1987 p.687). “larvae preferentially select and feed on living roots” (Ridsdill-Smith 1975 p. 75); “feed upon young roots of grasses” (Britton 1987 p.687) larvae damage seed and seedlings before emergence, adults usually eat the seedling at ground level; Pterohelaeus are “major root and seedling pests”, Isopteron “recorded feeding on geminating wheat” (Matthews & Bouchard 2008) Europe (Wapshere 1990). Rice leaf miner (Hely 1958). Leaf and stem miners, gall makers Asphondylini sp. larva Cecidomyiidae Diptera Themeda triandra spikelets McDougall 1989 undescribed sp., prob a new genus (Robin Adair, pers. comm. 2006) larva Cecidomyiidae Diptera Austrostipa spp. spikelets Yen 1999 “may ... be the same species” as on T. triandra (Yen 1999) - larva Cecidomyiidae Diptera Andropogon Boucek 1988 p. 561 gall former - larva Cecidomyiidae Diptera grasses stems Boucek 1988, Europe (Wapshere 1990) bloodworms, ?Chironomus tepperi Skuse Wapshere 1990 larva Chironomidae Diptera *rice ?roots Hely 1958, Colless & McAlpine 1991 - larva Chloropidae Diptera grasses shoots and stems Hydrellia spp. larva Ephydridae Diptera *rice, *barley, *irrigated cereals leaves, stems Colless & McAlpine 1991 Mathis 1989 “failure of seedling development” (Hely 1958 p. 31), mainly physical disturbance to roots (Colless & McAlpine); may similarly effect other grasses in submerged situations inside young growth; may be largely bacteriafeeders 171
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Literature review: Impact of Chilea
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Fire 49 Other disturbances 50 Shade
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Conventions and standards Botanical
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neesiana appears to be a habitat ge
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population densities of existing sp
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elated plants have similar defences
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For invasion to occur there must be
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As yet there appears to be no evide
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experimental manipulation of specie
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species tend to be those which tran
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Taxonomy and nomenclature Stipeae N
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Vernacular names ‘Needlegrass’
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to Bouchenak-Khelladi et al. 2009).
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1 m (Walsh 1994), ca. 90 cm (Verloo
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Figure 2. Anatomy of the seed of N.
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are the seeds larger/smaller, longe
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also based on a misunderstanding of
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Table 2. Modified Feekes Scale for
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Argentina, in the provinces of Chac
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Figure 3. Recorded distribution of
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1994). Only 3 of 186 exotic grasses
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According to Morfe et al. (2003) th
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populations have been found in the
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(Honaine et al. 2006). The flechill
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In Australia the altitudinal range
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Proximity to urban development appe
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In the southern Brazilian campos of
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arundinacea (Gardener et al. 2005).
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al. 2008). Cues for masting may be
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Approximately 200 alien grass speci
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Dispersal of seed in contaminated s
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In New Zealand, Hurrell et al. (199
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No emergence was observed in undist
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and high impact (“ability to caus
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also noted that despite a wide rang
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a small reduction in seedhead produ
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Slashing and mowing Slashing can re
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Themeda re-establishment McDougall
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species (Lawton and Schroder 1977 p
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y increased importance of ant grani
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BIODIVERSITY “Biodiversity ... on
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According to Woods (1997 p. 61) “
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2004, Richardson and van Wilgen 200
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negative depending on the particula
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Competition with native plants Comp
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asexual seed production, so local f
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GRASSLANDS Grasses: “... the most
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susceptible to N. neesiana invasion
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Floristic composition, vegetation s
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proportion of the flora then presen
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tussock space (Stuwe and Parsons 19
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Like vascular plant diversity, comm
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Opinions differ on the nature and i
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Species Common Name Family Aust ACT
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in shifting the distribution, exten
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of these systems is largely explain
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pasture. The least understood trans
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tend to benefit more from relaxed c
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Bovids crop their food between the
Page 119 and 120: are therefore less likely to distur
Page 121 and 122: esult in a “short-term flush” o
Page 123 and 124: Fire effects on weeds Moore (1993 p
Page 125 and 126: Table 8. Typical nutrient levels in
Page 127 and 128: grasses produced sigificantly more
Page 129 and 130: Fossorial vertebrates are or were o
Page 131 and 132: (Rosengren 1999). Approximately one
Page 133 and 134: Table 12. Areal extent and conserva
Page 135 and 136: Foreman (1997) investigated the eff
Page 137 and 138: Willis (1964) considered that the f
Page 139 and 140: Austrostipa-Enneapogon) from around
Page 141 and 142: Woodlands and New England Grassy Wo
Page 143 and 144: Thylogale billardierii), Peramelida
Page 145 and 146: Its original habitat on the mainlan
Page 147 and 148: Table 17. Endangered reptile specie
Page 149 and 150: equirement, but unlike plants and v
Page 151 and 152: e assigned the same biodiversity sc
Page 153 and 154: Nematodes are mostly minute animals
Page 155 and 156: found in all mainland states, O. co
Page 157 and 158: Keyacris scurra, Melbourne (1993) o
Page 159 and 160: was once widespread in south- easte
Page 161 and 162: eing sluggish and wingless, and exi
Page 163 and 164: estoration and, if Australia follow
Page 165 and 166: close to the plant are able to bury
Page 167 and 168: Species *Chirothrips mexicanus Craw
Page 169: Table A2.1 (continued) Species Life
Page 173 and 174: Table A2.1 (continued) Species Life
Page 175 and 176: Table A2.1 (continued) Species Life
Page 177 and 178: Nematodes of grasses and grasslands
Page 179 and 180: REFERENCES Aceñolaza, F.G. (2004)
Page 181 and 182: Benson, D. and McDougall, L. (2005)
Page 183 and 184: Chan, C.W. (1980) Natural grassland
Page 185 and 186: DNRE (Department of Natural Resourc
Page 187 and 188: Fuhrer, B. (1993) A Field Companion
Page 189 and 190: Groves, R.H. and Whalley, R.D.B. (2
Page 191 and 192: Iaconis, L. (2004) Chilean needle g
Page 193 and 194: Levine, J.M., Adler, P.B. and Yelen
Page 195 and 196: McDougall, K.L. (1987) Sites of Bot
Page 197 and 198: Morfe, T.A., McLaren, D.A. and Weis
Page 199 and 200: Perelman, S.B., León, R.J.C. and O
Page 201 and 202: Saunders, D.A. (1999) Biodiversity
Page 203 and 204: Thellung, A. (1912) La flore advent
Page 205 and 206: Weiss, J. and McLaren, D. (2002) Vi
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