Literature review: Impact of Chilean needle grass ... - Weeds Australia

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Literature Review Appendix Appendix L1. Grass-feeding invertebrates of south-eastern Australian temperate grasslands This is a partial compendium of published records of invertebrates occurring or thought likely to occur in south-eastern Australian lowland grasslands that are known to feed on grasses or particular grass species found in these grasslands, plus a limited number of extra-Australian records of invertebrates known to feed on such grasses. Such taxa , except for Nematoda are listed in Table A2.1. Nematodes of grasses are recorded in Table A2.2 and are discussed in more detail below. When an invertebrate taxon (other than nematodes) with recorded grass host is known not to be present in south-eastern Australia the invertebrate is not included. Taxa where the recorded hosts are not known from temperate south-eastern Australia are also excluded (e.g. sugarcane). In many instances these distributions could not be determined, so many taxa are probably listed that may not occur in temperate grasslands. The vast literature has been incompletely surveyed and there are certainly major gaps. The tabulation provides the name of the invertebrate taxon, the life stage which feeds on grass, the known host plants, the host tissue eaten, the reference source, and miscellaneous notes for various entries. An entry is included if both the plant and the invertebrate are recorded from south-eastern Australia, unless otherwise stated (in the ‘Notes’ column). Records for Nassella spp. are highlighted in bold. * = introduced sp. Table A2.1. Literature records of invertebrates and their grass hosts recorded in south-eastern Australia, excluding Nematoda. Species Life Family Order Host Host tissue References Notes stage Halotydeus destructor (Tucker) all Penthaleidae Acarina grasses Gregg 1997 seedlings most vulnerable Penthaleus major (Dugès) all Penthaleidae Acarina grasses Gregg 1997 readily damages grasses, seedling most vulnerable Nala lividipes (Dufour) nymphs, adults Labiduridae Dermaptera *maize, *sorghum, *winter cereals seed, roots, stubble Allsopp & Hitchcock 1987 “usually feeds on decaying stubble but also eats newly-sown and germinating seed and the roots of crops” (Allsopp & Hitchcock 1987 p. 86) grasshoppers all Orthoptera alpine grasses foliage Carr & Turner 1959 “extremely abundant in some years and in severaly infested areas they shorten the sward considerably“(Carr & Turner 1959 p. 19) all Acrididae Orthoptera grasses foliage Rentz et al. 2003 most species “can be raised on grass”: see Rentz et al. (2003) for details of individual acridid spp. Teleogryllus commodus (Walker) Gryllotalpa spp. *Chirothrips ah Girault *Chirothrips atricorpus Girault *Chirothrips frontalis Williams *Chirothrips manicatus Haliday Table A2.1 (continued) nymphs, adults nymphs, adults larva, adult larva, adult larva, adult larva, adult Gryllidae Orthoptera grasses and forbs, mainly damages grass foliage seeds, leaves, crowns Browning 1954, Heath 1968, Allsopp & Hitchcock 1987, Panetta et al. 1993, Gregg 1997 “pasture seed loss – the most serious effect” (Allsopp & Hitchcock 1987 p. 81). Feeds on the crowns of grasses (Heath 1968, New Zealand). “The main source of food ... is green grass” (Browning 1954). Seedling predator. *Nassella neesiana seeds Slay 2001 hollows out fallen seed in New Zealand (Slay Gryllotalpidae Orthoptera *cereals, *sugarcane, lawns roots Allsopp & Hitchcock 1987 Thripidae Thysanoptera grasses, Austrostipa aristiglumis flowers Mound & Palmer 1972 Thripidae Thysanoptera *Sorghum, *Melinis repens flowers Mound & Palmer 1972 Thripidae Thysanoptera grasses flowers Mound & Palmer 1972 Thripidae Thysanoptera grass flowers Mound & Palmer 1972 2001) breed only in the flowers of grasses breed only in the flowers of grasses breed only in the flowers of grasses breed only in the flowers of grasses 166
Species *Chirothrips mexicanus Crawford Life stage larva, adult Family Order Host Host tissue References Notes Thripidae Thysanoptera grasses, *Avena barbata, Leptochloa fusca flowers Mound & Palmer 1972 breed only in the flowers of grasses Odontothripiella Odontothripiella aloba Pitkin Odontothripiella buloba Pitkin Odontothripiella compta Pitkin Odontothripiella reedi Pitkin Odontothripiella unidentata Pitkin Caliothrips striatopterus (Kobus) Haplothrips Haplothrips anceps Hood Haplothrips angustus Hood Haplothrips gowdeyi (Franklin) Haplothrips froggatti Hood larva, adult larva, adult larva, adult larva, adult larva, adult larva, adult larva, adult larva, adult larva, adult larva, adult larva, adult larva, adult Thripidae Thysanoptera grasses flowers Pitkin 1972, Mound & Palmer 1972, Mound & Heming 1991 Thripidae Thysanoptera grasses? Pitkin 1972 Thripidae Thysanoptera grasses Pitkin 1972 Thripidae Thysanoptera grasses, Austrostipa aristiglumis. flowers Pitkin 1972 “lives in grass flowers” A. stuposa, Themeda triandra Thripidae Thysanoptera grasses, Themeda triandra. Pitkin 1972 Thripidae Thysanoptera grasses, reeds, *barley grass, Themeda triandra, *Hordeum leporinum, *Hordeum vulgare flowers Pitkin 1972 “feeds in the flowers of grasses” Thripidae Thysanoptera grasses flowers Mound & Palmer “common in grass flowers in Queensland” 1972 Phlaeothripidae Thysanoptera grasses flowers Mound & Heming “particularly on grasses” (Mound & Heming 1991) 1991 Phlaeothripidae Thysanoptera grasses, Themeda triandra flowers Pitkin 1973 “grass-flower living ... apparently confined to Phlaeothripidae Thysanoptera grasses, *Pennisetum clandestinum, Paspalidium sp., *Secale cereale, “Danthonia linkii”, Themeda triandra, *Hordeum leporinum Queensland” flowers Pitkin 1973 “grass-flower living ... apparently widespread” (Pitkin 1973) Phlaeothripidae Thysanoptera grasses, Melinis repens flowers Pitkin 1973 “apparently breeds on grasses” Phlaeothripidae Thysanoptera grasses, Leptochloa digitata, Leptochloa fusca, Sorghum sp., Paspalidium sp., *Triticum aestivum, *Zea mays flowers Mound & Palmer 1972, Pitkin 1973 “common in flowers of Gramineae” (Mound & Palmer 1972); “grass-flower living ... apparently widespread” (Pitkin 1973) Haplothrips pallescens (Hood) Phlaeothripidae Thysanoptera grasses, Themeda triandra, Melinis Pitkin 1973 found on grasses, possibly predatory repens Antillothrips cingulatus (Hood) Phlaeothripidae Thysanoptera grasses, *Oryza sativa. Pitkin 1973 found on grasses, possibly predatory Podothrips xanthopus Hood Phlaeothripidae Thysanoptera grasses, Themeda triandra Pitkin 1973 found on grasses, probably predatory Apterygothrips australis Pitkin Phlaeothripidae Thysanoptera grasses, “Danthonia linkii”, “Stipa” sp., Paspalidium sp., Sporobolus virginicus Pitkin 1973 “apparently widespread in southern Australia”, possibly predatory Desmothrips reedi Mound Desmothrips tenuicornis (Bagnall) *Limothrips Phibalothrips spp. larva, adult larva, adult larva, adult larva, adult Aeolothripidae Thysanoptera grasses flowers Mound & Palmer 1972 Aeolothripidae Thysanoptera grasses flowers Mound & Palmer 1972 Thripidae Thysanoptera grasses leaves Mound & Heming 1991 Thripidae Thysanoptera grasses Mound & Heming 1991 “associated with grass flowers” “associated with grass flowers” “in cooler southern areas ... common on grasses ... often on leaves” 167
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Literature review: Impact of Chilea
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Fire 49 Other disturbances 50 Shade
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Conventions and standards Botanical
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neesiana appears to be a habitat ge
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population densities of existing sp
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elated plants have similar defences
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For invasion to occur there must be
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As yet there appears to be no evide
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experimental manipulation of specie
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species tend to be those which tran
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Taxonomy and nomenclature Stipeae N
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Vernacular names ‘Needlegrass’
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to Bouchenak-Khelladi et al. 2009).
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1 m (Walsh 1994), ca. 90 cm (Verloo
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Figure 2. Anatomy of the seed of N.
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are the seeds larger/smaller, longe
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also based on a misunderstanding of
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Table 2. Modified Feekes Scale for
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Argentina, in the provinces of Chac
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Figure 3. Recorded distribution of
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1994). Only 3 of 186 exotic grasses
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According to Morfe et al. (2003) th
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populations have been found in the
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(Honaine et al. 2006). The flechill
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In Australia the altitudinal range
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Proximity to urban development appe
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In the southern Brazilian campos of
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arundinacea (Gardener et al. 2005).
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al. 2008). Cues for masting may be
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Approximately 200 alien grass speci
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Dispersal of seed in contaminated s
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In New Zealand, Hurrell et al. (199
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No emergence was observed in undist
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and high impact (“ability to caus
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also noted that despite a wide rang
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a small reduction in seedhead produ
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Slashing and mowing Slashing can re
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Themeda re-establishment McDougall
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species (Lawton and Schroder 1977 p
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y increased importance of ant grani
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BIODIVERSITY “Biodiversity ... on
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According to Woods (1997 p. 61) “
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2004, Richardson and van Wilgen 200
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negative depending on the particula
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Competition with native plants Comp
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asexual seed production, so local f
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GRASSLANDS Grasses: “... the most
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susceptible to N. neesiana invasion
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Floristic composition, vegetation s
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proportion of the flora then presen
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tussock space (Stuwe and Parsons 19
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Like vascular plant diversity, comm
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Opinions differ on the nature and i
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Species Common Name Family Aust ACT
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in shifting the distribution, exten
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of these systems is largely explain
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pasture. The least understood trans
Page 115 and 116: tend to benefit more from relaxed c
Page 117 and 118: Bovids crop their food between the
Page 119 and 120: are therefore less likely to distur
Page 121 and 122: esult in a “short-term flush” o
Page 123 and 124: Fire effects on weeds Moore (1993 p
Page 125 and 126: Table 8. Typical nutrient levels in
Page 127 and 128: grasses produced sigificantly more
Page 129 and 130: Fossorial vertebrates are or were o
Page 131 and 132: (Rosengren 1999). Approximately one
Page 133 and 134: Table 12. Areal extent and conserva
Page 135 and 136: Foreman (1997) investigated the eff
Page 137 and 138: Willis (1964) considered that the f
Page 139 and 140: Austrostipa-Enneapogon) from around
Page 141 and 142: Woodlands and New England Grassy Wo
Page 143 and 144: Thylogale billardierii), Peramelida
Page 145 and 146: Its original habitat on the mainlan
Page 147 and 148: Table 17. Endangered reptile specie
Page 149 and 150: equirement, but unlike plants and v
Page 151 and 152: e assigned the same biodiversity sc
Page 153 and 154: Nematodes are mostly minute animals
Page 155 and 156: found in all mainland states, O. co
Page 157 and 158: Keyacris scurra, Melbourne (1993) o
Page 159 and 160: was once widespread in south- easte
Page 161 and 162: eing sluggish and wingless, and exi
Page 163 and 164: estoration and, if Australia follow
Page 165: close to the plant are able to bury
Page 169 and 170: Table A2.1 (continued) Species Life
Page 171 and 172: Table A2.1 (continued) Species *Het
Page 177 and 178: Nematodes of grasses and grasslands
Page 179 and 180: REFERENCES Aceñolaza, F.G. (2004)
Page 181 and 182: Benson, D. and McDougall, L. (2005)
Page 183 and 184: Chan, C.W. (1980) Natural grassland
Page 185 and 186: DNRE (Department of Natural Resourc
Page 187 and 188: Fuhrer, B. (1993) A Field Companion
Page 189 and 190: Groves, R.H. and Whalley, R.D.B. (2
Page 191 and 192: Iaconis, L. (2004) Chilean needle g
Page 193 and 194: Levine, J.M., Adler, P.B. and Yelen
Page 195 and 196: McDougall, K.L. (1987) Sites of Bot
Page 197 and 198: Morfe, T.A., McLaren, D.A. and Weis
Page 199 and 200: Perelman, S.B., León, R.J.C. and O
Page 201 and 202: Saunders, D.A. (1999) Biodiversity
Page 203 and 204: Thellung, A. (1912) La flore advent
Page 205 and 206: Weiss, J. and McLaren, D. (2002) Vi
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