Literature review: Impact of Chilean needle grass ... - Weeds Australia

More documents

Recommendations

Info

The Nassella lineage has diverged to form two morphologically distinct groups (Barkworth 1990): one, to which N. neesiana belongs, with long symmetrical florets, long, sharp calluses and long, persistent awns, the other, to which N. trichotoma belongs, with short, eccentric florets, short, relatively blunt calluses, and relatively short, deciduous awns. Quattrocchi (2006 p. 1361) incorrectly attributed “readily deciduous” awns to the whole genus. The assignment of species present in Victoria to Nassella on the basis of three character states - lemma margins strongly overlapping, palea membranous and not more than one third the length of the lemma - was questioned by Walsh (1994) who considered these characters to be present in some Stipa sensu stricto (in which he included the native Australian stipoids) and not present in other species assigned to Nassella by Barkworth (1990). Austrostipa is the only other stipoid genus with strongly convolute, coriaceous lemmas (in some spp.), but the palea is not reduced, glabrous and unveined (Barkworth and Torres 2001). Six Nassella species are naturalised in Australia: Lobed Needle-grass N. charruana (Arechav.) Barkworth, Cane Needle-grass N. hyalina (Nees) Barkworth, Texas Needlegrass N. leucotricha (Trin. and Rupr.) Poly, Short-spined Needle-grass N. megapotamia (Spreng. ex Trin.) Barkworth, Serrated Tussock N. trichotoma, and N. neesiana (Jacobs and Everett 1996; McLaren, Stajsic and Iaconis 2004). Mexican Feather-grass N. tenuissima (Trinius) Barkworth, an ornamental grass, is present in the nursery trade and gardens, and is possibly incipiently naturalised (Jacobs et al. 1998, McLaren et al. 1999, Maguire 2005). The name Nassella is derived from the Latin nassa meaning “a fish basket” or “a basket for catching fish” (Quattrocchi 2006). The basionym: Stipa neesiana Trinius and Ruprecht 1842 has been variously cited as appearing in: Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. Ser. 6 Sc. Nat 5: 27 (Caro 1966); Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, ser. 6, Sci., Math., Seconde Pt. Sci. Nat. 5:17 (Vickery et al. 1986); Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, sér. 6, Sci. Nat. 5: 27 (Torres 1997); Mém. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersb., sér. 6, Sci. math. phys. and nat. 7 2 : Bot. 27 (Willis 1970); Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St-Petersb., ser. 6, 5: 17 (1842) (Jessop et al. 2006). Synonyms The taxonomic synonyms of N. neesiana are numerous. The following synyonyms have been listed by Caro (1966), Torres (1993), Zuloaga et al. (1994) Barkworth and Torres (2001), Quattrocchi (2006), Barkworth (2006) and Barkworth et al. (2007): Stipa barbinodis Philippi (1896) = S. neesiana var. barbinodis (Philippi) Caro (1966) Stipa contracta Phil. Stipa eminens Nees in Mart. (1829) nom. illeg. non S. eminens Cavanilles (1799) S. fernandeziana Phil. (1873) non S. fernandeziana (Trin. and Rupr.) Steudel (1854) S. hackeli Arechavelata S. hispida Phil. (1896) S. longiflora Steudel (1854) S. neesiana Trinius and Ruprecht (1842) S. neesiana var. chilensis Trin. and Rupr. (1842) S. neesiana var. fernandeziana Trin. and Rupr. = S. skottsbergii Pilger (1916) S. neesiana var. glabrata Arechavaleta (1896) = S. setigera forma glabrata (Arechav.) Speg. (1901) S. neesiana var. hirsuta Arechavaleta (1896) = S. setigera forma hispidula Speg. (1901) = S. neesiana var. hispidula (Speg.) Hackel (1911) S. neesiana var. hispidula (Spegazzini) Hackel (1911) S. neesiana var. longiaristata Arechavaleta (1896) S. neesiana var. sublaevis (Spegazzini) Speg. ex Caro S. neesiana var. sublaevis (Spegazzini) Speg. (1925) S. neesiana var. virescens Hackel (1904) S. neesiana forma contorta Hackel (1904) S. neesiana forma depauperata Hackel S. setigera auct. non. J. Presl S. setigerna sensus Spegazzini non Presl var. glabrata (Arechavaleta) Spagazzini S. setigera Presl var. glabrata Arechavaleta ex Spegazzini (1901) S. setigera forma glabrata (Arechavaleta) Spegazzini S. setigera Presl var. hispidula Spegazzini (1901) S. setigera forma hispidula Spegazzini S. setigera var. hispidula forma pallida Spegazzini (1901) S. setigera var. hispidula forma purpurascens Spegazzini (1901) S. setigera var. hispidula forma versicolor Spegazzini (1901). S. sublaevis Spegazzini (1901) = S. neesiana var. sublaevis (Speg.) Speg. ex Caro (1966) S. skottsbergii Pilger S. trachysperma Phil. (1864) Urachne longiflora Steudel Additional infraspecific taxa synonymous with currently recognised varieties are listed below. Ens (2005 under “Notes”) erroneously stated that Nassella tenuissima was previously known as Stipa neesiana. Many South American authors continue to use “Stipa” (sens. lat.) for most Nassella species (e.g. Honaine et al. 2006, Iriarte 2006). 22
Vernacular names ‘Needlegrass’ is a name that has been used for the genus Stipa sens. lat. in North America (Hitchcock and Chase 1971). The single word form of the name, the hyphenated form and the two-word form are all used in Australia. Shepherd et al. (2001), perhaps the best standardised source for vernacular plant names in Australia, uses “needlegrass”. “Spear grass” and “corkscrew grass” are also applied as broad names for stipoids (Bourdôt and Hurrell 1989b). The term “arrow-grasses” has been applied to species of Stipa sens. lat., Piptochaetium and Aristida in Uruguay (Rosengurtt 1946). The name “flechilla” (Hayward and Druce 1919, Bourdôt and Ryde 1986, Soriano et al. 1992, Martín Osorio et al. 2000) (wrongly “fletchilla” (Slay 2002a)), meaning ‘little arrow’ (Gardener 1998) or ‘little dart’ (Hayward and Druce 1919, Bourdôt and Ryde 1986, Soriano et al. 1992), in reference to the characteristics of the seed, is used in Argentina, but also applies to other Nassella, Stipa, Piptochaetium and Aristida spp. with piercing seeds (Soriano et al. 1992). Additional vernacular names used for S. neesiana include American Needle-grass in the UK (Stace 1997), Uruguayan Tussockgrass in the USA (Randall 2002, Quattrocchi 2006, Barkworth 2006, ITIS 2006) and, not in common parlance, Chilean Spear-grass, in Victoria (Carr et al. 1992). Spanish names include “Aguja chilena” and “Hierba chilena de agujas” (Martín Osorio et al. 2000). Infraspecific Taxa Some infraspecific names have already been mentioned. A number of varieties have been recognised but their validity and usefulness is unclear: var. barbinodis (Philippi) Caro (1966); recognised by Caro (1966) and equivalent to Stipa barbinodis Philippi var. chilensis Trin. and Rupr. (1842) var. fernandeziana Trin. and Rupr. (1842) var. formicarioides Burkart (1969); recognised by Zuloaga et al. (1994) and Verloove (2005) var. glabrata Arechav. (1896) var. gracilior Burkart (1969); recognised by Zuloaga et al. (1994) and Verloove (2005) var. hirsuta Arechavaleta; recognised by Zuloaga et al. (1994), and Caro (1966) who included within it S. setigera sensu Spegazzini non Presl var. hispidula Spegazzini S. neesiana forma contorta Hackel S. neesiana var. hispidula (Spegazzini) Hackel var. longiaristata Arechavaleta (1896), recognised by Burkart (1969), Rosengurtt et al. (1970), Moraldo (1986), Torres (1993) and Zuloaga et al. (1994) and synonymous with S. sublaevis Spegazzini (1901), and S. neesiana var sublaevis (Spegazzini) Spegazinni, comb. superfl. S. neesiana var. sublaevis (Speg.) Spegazzini ex Caro (1966) var. neesiana; also recognised by Caro (1966) and Zuloaga et al. (1994), and including: var. glabrata Arechavaleta f. contorta Hackel f. depauperata Hackel var. sublaevis (Spegazzini) Spegazzini; recognised by Caro (1966) and including: S. hackeli Arechavelata S. sublaevis Spegazzini var. virescens Hackel; recognised by Caro (1966) and Zuloaga et al. (1994), considered to be a synonym of N. argentinensis by Barkworth and Torres (2001) but recognised as part of S. neesiana by Barkworth et al. (2007). Torres (1993 p. 19) discussed var. hirsuta and was unable confirm it as a variety of N. neesiana, but the synonymy was accepted by Barkworth et al. (2007). An additional taxon, S. neesiana var. ligularis Grisebach, is considered equivalent to S. ligularis (Griseb.) Speg. (1901) (Torres 1993, Zuloaga et al. 1994, Barkworth and Torres 2001), while S. neesiana Kuntze is an illegal name for S. tenuis Phil. (Zuloaga et al. 1994). Variety determination is sometimes difficult (Anderson 2002b) and the varieties may have little or no validity, merely representing extreme individuals within variable populations,clinal variation, or the output of taxonomists working with limited specimen material. Verloove (2005) considered the infraspecific variability to be of little taxonomic value and noted that some supposedly distinguishing subspecific characters varied between leaf surfaces or with age on the same plant. Caro (1966) provided a key for the separation of vars. neesiana, hirsuta, virescens and sublaevis. Torres (1993) provided a key for vars. neesiana, gracilior and longiaristata. Moraldo (1986) provided a very brief description of var. longiaristata that does not enable it to be distinguished from other varieties. The varieties have sometimes been called subspecies in Australia (e.g. Britt et al. 2002, Jessop et al. 2006), without justification. Variety neesiana is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, Peru (Rosengurtt et al. 1970) and New Zealand (Jacobs et al. 1989). Variety longiaristata is found in Argentina and Uruguay (Rosengurtt et al. 1970, Torres 1993, Barkworth et al. 2007) and according to Moraldo (1986) in Italy. Variety gracilior is found in Argentina (Torres 1993), as are vars. hirsuta, virescens and sublaevis (Caro 1966). The type of var. chilensis is from Chile, that of var. fernandeziana from the Juan Fernandez Islands (Chile), and those of vars. hirsuta and sublaevis from Uruguay (Barkworth et al. 2007). Var. glabrata is based on Uruguayan material (Barkworth et al. 2007). Var. barbinodis is found in Chile (Caro 1966). 23
Page 1 and 2: Literature review: Impact of Chilea
Page 3 and 4: Fire 49 Other disturbances 50 Shade
Page 5 and 6: Conventions and standards Botanical
Page 7 and 8: neesiana appears to be a habitat ge
Page 9 and 10: population densities of existing sp
Page 11 and 12: elated plants have similar defences
Page 13 and 14: For invasion to occur there must be
Page 15 and 16: As yet there appears to be no evide
Page 17 and 18: experimental manipulation of specie
Page 19 and 20: species tend to be those which tran
Page 21: Taxonomy and nomenclature Stipeae N
Page 25 and 26: to Bouchenak-Khelladi et al. 2009).
Page 27 and 28: 1 m (Walsh 1994), ca. 90 cm (Verloo
Page 29 and 30: Figure 2. Anatomy of the seed of N.
Page 31 and 32: are the seeds larger/smaller, longe
Page 33 and 34: also based on a misunderstanding of
Page 35 and 36: Table 2. Modified Feekes Scale for
Page 37 and 38: Argentina, in the provinces of Chac
Page 39 and 40: Figure 3. Recorded distribution of
Page 41 and 42: 1994). Only 3 of 186 exotic grasses
Page 43 and 44: According to Morfe et al. (2003) th
Page 45 and 46: populations have been found in the
Page 47 and 48: (Honaine et al. 2006). The flechill
Page 49 and 50: In Australia the altitudinal range
Page 51 and 52: Proximity to urban development appe
Page 53 and 54: In the southern Brazilian campos of
Page 55 and 56: arundinacea (Gardener et al. 2005).
Page 57 and 58: al. 2008). Cues for masting may be
Page 59 and 60: Approximately 200 alien grass speci
Page 61 and 62: Dispersal of seed in contaminated s
Page 63 and 64: In New Zealand, Hurrell et al. (199
Page 65 and 66: No emergence was observed in undist
Page 67 and 68: and high impact (“ability to caus
Page 69 and 70: also noted that despite a wide rang
Page 71 and 72: a small reduction in seedhead produ
Page 73 and 74:
Slashing and mowing Slashing can re
Page 75 and 76:
Themeda re-establishment McDougall
Page 77 and 78:
species (Lawton and Schroder 1977 p
Page 79 and 80:
y increased importance of ant grani
Page 81 and 82:
BIODIVERSITY “Biodiversity ... on
Page 83 and 84:
According to Woods (1997 p. 61) “
Page 85 and 86:
2004, Richardson and van Wilgen 200
Page 87 and 88:
negative depending on the particula
Page 89 and 90:
Competition with native plants Comp
Page 91 and 92:
asexual seed production, so local f
Page 93 and 94:
GRASSLANDS Grasses: “... the most
Page 95 and 96:
susceptible to N. neesiana invasion
Page 97 and 98:
Floristic composition, vegetation s
Page 99 and 100:
proportion of the flora then presen
Page 101 and 102:
tussock space (Stuwe and Parsons 19
Page 103 and 104:
Like vascular plant diversity, comm
Page 105 and 106:
Opinions differ on the nature and i
Page 107 and 108:
Species Common Name Family Aust ACT
Page 109 and 110:
in shifting the distribution, exten
Page 111 and 112:
of these systems is largely explain
Page 113 and 114:
pasture. The least understood trans
Page 115 and 116:
tend to benefit more from relaxed c
Page 117 and 118:
Bovids crop their food between the
Page 119 and 120:
are therefore less likely to distur
Page 121 and 122:
esult in a “short-term flush” o
Page 123 and 124:
Fire effects on weeds Moore (1993 p
Page 125 and 126:
Table 8. Typical nutrient levels in
Page 127 and 128:
grasses produced sigificantly more
Page 129 and 130:
Fossorial vertebrates are or were o
Page 131 and 132:
(Rosengren 1999). Approximately one
Page 133 and 134:
Table 12. Areal extent and conserva
Page 135 and 136:
Foreman (1997) investigated the eff
Page 137 and 138:
Willis (1964) considered that the f
Page 139 and 140:
Austrostipa-Enneapogon) from around
Page 141 and 142:
Woodlands and New England Grassy Wo
Page 143 and 144:
Thylogale billardierii), Peramelida
Page 145 and 146:
Its original habitat on the mainlan
Page 147 and 148:
Table 17. Endangered reptile specie
Page 149 and 150:
equirement, but unlike plants and v
Page 151 and 152:
e assigned the same biodiversity sc
Page 153 and 154:
Nematodes are mostly minute animals
Page 155 and 156:
found in all mainland states, O. co
Page 157 and 158:
Keyacris scurra, Melbourne (1993) o
Page 159 and 160:
was once widespread in south- easte
Page 161 and 162:
eing sluggish and wingless, and exi
Page 163 and 164:
estoration and, if Australia follow
Page 165 and 166:
close to the plant are able to bury
Page 167 and 168:
Species *Chirothrips mexicanus Craw
Page 169 and 170:
Table A2.1 (continued) Species Life
Page 171 and 172:
Table A2.1 (continued) Species *Het
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Nematodes of grasses and grasslands
Page 179 and 180:
REFERENCES Aceñolaza, F.G. (2004)
Page 181 and 182:
Benson, D. and McDougall, L. (2005)
Page 183 and 184:
Chan, C.W. (1980) Natural grassland
Page 185 and 186:
DNRE (Department of Natural Resourc
Page 187 and 188:
Fuhrer, B. (1993) A Field Companion
Page 189 and 190:
Groves, R.H. and Whalley, R.D.B. (2
Page 191 and 192:
Iaconis, L. (2004) Chilean needle g
Page 193 and 194:
Levine, J.M., Adler, P.B. and Yelen
Page 195 and 196:
McDougall, K.L. (1987) Sites of Bot
Page 197 and 198:
Morfe, T.A., McLaren, D.A. and Weis
Page 199 and 200:
Perelman, S.B., León, R.J.C. and O
Page 201 and 202:
Saunders, D.A. (1999) Biodiversity
Page 203 and 204:
Thellung, A. (1912) La flore advent
Page 205 and 206:
Weiss, J. and McLaren, D. (2002) Vi
show all

Literature review: Impact of Chilean needle grass ... - Weeds Australia

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?