Literature review: Impact of Chilean needle grass ... - Weeds Australia

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Slay, M.W.A. (2002a) Review: Distribution biology and control of Chilean needle grass. Report prepard for the Hawke’s Bay Chilen Needle Grass Group, Homelea AgTechnology and Advisory Sevices and AgResearch Poukawa, Hastings and Havelock North, New Zealand, March, 50 pp. Slay, M.W.A. (2002b) Chilean needle grass control in Hawke’s Bay. Chemical topping. Report prepared for the Hawke’s Bay Chilean Needle Grass Group, Homelea AgTechnology and Advisory Sevices and AgResearch Poukawa, Hastings and Havelock North, New Zealand, July, 30 pp. Slay, M. (2002c) Chilean Needle Grass. A Guide to Identification and Management in Hawke’s Bay. Hawke’s Bay Regional Council, Napier, New Zealand, 44 pp. Smith, B.J. and Kershaw, R.C. (1979) Field Guide to the Non-marine Molluscs of South Eastern Australia. Autralian National University Press, Canberra. Smith, Z.F., James, E.A., McDonnell, M.J. and McLean, C.B. (2009) Planting conditions improve translocation success of the endangered terrestrial orchid Diuris fragrantissima (Orchidaceae). Australian Journal of Botany 57, 200-209. Snell, K., Grech, C. and Davies, J. (2007) National Best Practice Management Manual Chilean Needle Grass. Defeating the Weed Menace, Victorian Department of Primary Industries and National Chilean Needle Grass Taskforce, Melbourne. Soriano, A., León, R.J.C., Sala, O.E., Lavado, R.S., Deregibus,V.A., Cauhépé, M.A., Scaglia, O.A., Velázquez, C.A. and Lemcoff, J.H. (1992) Río de la Plata grasslands. In R.T. Coupland (Ed.), Ecosystems of the World 8A. Natural Grasslands. Introduction and Western Hemisphere. Elsevier Sceince Publishers B.V., Amsterdam, Netherlands, pp. 367-407. Soto, L.K. (1980) Descripcion de las praderas naturales de Magallanes Continental. 1. Area cubierta y composicion botanica. Agricultura tecnica 44, 185-193. [Reference not seen] Specht, R.L. (1970) Vegetation. In G.W. Leeper (Ed.), The Australian Environment, 4th Ed., CSIRO and Melbourne University Press, Carlton, Vic., pp. 44-67. Specht, R.L. (2000) Savannah woodland vegetation in the South-East District of South Australia: the influence of evaporative aerodynamics on the foliar structure of the understorey invaded by introduced annuals. Australian Journal of Ecology 25(6), 588-599. Spencer, K.A. (1977) A Revision of the Australian Agromyzidae (Diptera). Western Australian Museum Special Publication No. 8, 255 pp., Perth. Spencer, K.A. (1989) Family Agromyzidae. In N.L. Evenhuis (Ed.), Catalog of the Diptera of the Australasian and Oceanian Regions. Bishop Museum Press and E.J. Brill, Honolulu and Leiden, pp. 538-547. Stace, C. (1997) New Flora of the British Isles. 2nd Ed., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. Stafford, J.L. (1991) Techniques for the establishment of kangaroo grass in South Australian conservation reserves. Plant Protection Quarterly 6(3), 120-122. Stanton, R. (2006) Weed seed dispersal by sheep and cattle. Plant Protection Quarterly 21(4), 145-147. Stebbins, C.L. (1972) The evolution of the grass family. In V.B. Youngner and C.M. McKell (Eds.), The Biology and Utilization of Grasses. Academic Press, New York, pp. 1-17. Stebbins, C.L. (1986) Grass systematics and evolution: past, present and future. In T.S. Soderstrom, K.W. Hilu, C.S. Campbell and M.E. Barkworth (Eds.), Grass Systematics and Evolution, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, USA, pp. 359-367. Stephens, C. (2006) Claire Stephens. Research topic and project outline. Impact of weed invasion on insect biodiversity and associated community structure and processes. School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide. http://www.ees.adelaide.edu.au/people/enviro/PhD/csteve01.html [Accessed 29 September 2006]. Stewart, J. (1996) Observations after fire in a degraded grassland. Victorian Naturalist 113, 102-105. Stohlgren, T.J. (2007) Measuring Plant Diversity. Lessons from the Field. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. Stoner, J.R., Adams, R. and Simmons, D. (2004) Management implications of increased fuel loads following exotic grass invasion. Ecological Management and Restoration 5(1), 68-69. Storrie, A. (2006) The weed control paradox or how and when do I learn to love my weeds? Major pasture weeds in northern NSW. In B. Hackney, K. Bailes, J. Pilz and H. Burns (Eds.), Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference of the Grassland Society of New South Wales Inc., pp. 28-32. Storrie, A.M. and Gardener, M.R. (1998) Chilean needle grass. New South Wales Agriculture Agnote DPI 194. Storrie, A.M. and Lowien, J.C. (2003) Chilean needle grass. New South Wales Agriculture Agnote DPI 194, 3rd Ed., 5 pp. Stott, P. (2007) Comparisons of digestive function between the European hare (Lepus europaeus) and the European rabbit (Oryctolagis cuniculus): mastication, gut passage and digestibility. Mammalian Biology 73, 276-286. Strong, D.R. and Pemberton, R.W. (2002) Food webs, risks of alien enemies and reform of biological control. In E. Wajnberg, J.K. Scott and P.C. Quimby (Eds.), Evaluating Indirect Ecological Effects of Biological Control, CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK, pp. 57-79. Stuwe, J. (1986) An assessment of the conservation status of native grasslands on the Western Plains, Victoria, and sites of botanical significance. Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research Technical Report Series No. 48. Stuwe, J. (1994) The role of fire in ground flora ecology. Victorian Naturalist 111(3), 93-95. Stuwe, J. and Parsons, R.F. (1977) Themeda australis grasslands on the Basalt Plains, Victoria: floristics and management effects. Australian Journal of Ecology 2, 467-476. Sutton, C.S. (1916-1917) A sketch of the Keilor Plains flora. Victorian Naturalist 33, 112-123, 128-143. Swarbrick, J.T. (1991) Towards a rating scheme for environmental weeds. Plant Protection Quarterly 6(4), 185. Swarbrick, J.T. and Skarratt, D.B. (1994) The Bushweed 2 Database of EnvironmentalWeeds in Australia. 2nd Ed., Department of Plant Production, University of Queensland Gatton College, Gatton. Sweedman, L. and Merritt, D. (Eds.) Australian Seeds. A Guide to their Collection, Identification and Biology. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood. Sydes, M. (1994) Orchids: indicators of management success? Victorian Naturalist 111, 213-217. Symstad, A.J. (2000) A test of the effects of functional group richness and composition on grassland invasibility. Ecology 81(1), 99-109. Systematic Entomology Laboratory USDA (2001) Eurytomidae generic synopsis. http://www.sel.barc.usda.go/hym/chalcids/eurytomid/gen_syn.html [Accessed 27 July 2007] 202
Thellung, A. (1912) La flore adventice de Montpellier. Mémoires de la Société Nationale des Sciences Naturelles et Mathématiques de Cherbourg 38, 57-728. Thomasson, J.R. (1986) Fossil grasses: 1820-1986 and beyond. In T.S. Soderstrom, K.W. Hilu, C.S. Campbell and M.E. Barkworth (Eds.), Grass Systematics and Evolution, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, USA, pp. 159-167. Thorp, J.R. and Lynch, R. (2000) The Determination of Weeds of National Significance. National Weeds Strategy Executive Committee, Launceston. Tomlin, C.D.S. (Ed.) (1997) The Pesticide Manual. 11th Ed., British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, Surrey, UK. Torres, M.A. (1993) Revision del genero Stipa (Poaceae) en la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Provincia de Buenos Aires, Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas, Monografia 12, 62 pp., La Plata. Torres, M.A. (1997) Nassella (Gramineae) del noroeste de la Argentina. Stipa (Gramineae) del noroeste de la Argentina. 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Tsvelev, N.N. (1977) On the origin and evolution of feathergrasses (Stipeae, Poaceae). In Problemi Ekologii, Geobotaniki, Botanichheskoi Geografii i Floristiki, Academiya SSSR, Leningrad, pp. 139-150.[Translated by K. Gonzalez and M.E. Barkworth, 2007, http://utc.usu.edu/Stipeae/Tsvelev.htm, accessed 16 July 2007] Tsvelev, N.N. (1984) Grasses of the Soviet Union. Translated by B.R. Sharma. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam. Turner, J.S.(1968) The decline of the plants. In A.J. Marshall (Ed.) The Great Extermination. A Guide to Anglo-Australian Cupidity, Wickedness and Waste. Panther Books, London, pp. 154-177. Tumino, M. (2004) Spiny Rice-flower, Pimelea spinescens subsp. spinescens. Flora and Fanua Guarantee Action Statement No. 132, Department of Sustainability and Environment, East Melbourne, 4 pp. Twigg, L.E., Lowe, T.J., Taylor, C.M., Calver, M.C., Martin, G.R., Stevenson, C. and How, R. (2009) The potential of seed-eating birds to spread viable seeds of weeds and other undesirable plants. Austral Ecology 34, 805-820. United Nations (1992) Convention on Biodiversity. Rio de Janeiro, 5 June 1992 http://www.cbd.int/doc/legal/cbd-un-en.pdf USDA ARS (United State Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service) (2006) Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) [Online database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?402089 (accessed 14 December 2006). USDA FEIS (United State Department of Agriculture, Fire Effects Information System) (2006) Nassella viridula [Online database] http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/nasvir/all.html (accessed 14 December 2006). USDA NRCS (Natural Resources Conservation Service) (2006) Plants Profile. http://plants.usda.gov (accessed 14 December 2006). USFDA (United States Food and Drug Administration) (2006) FDA Poisonous Plant Database. [Online database]. 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Literature review: Impact of Chilea
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Fire 49 Other disturbances 50 Shade
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Conventions and standards Botanical
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neesiana appears to be a habitat ge
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population densities of existing sp
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elated plants have similar defences
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For invasion to occur there must be
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As yet there appears to be no evide
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experimental manipulation of specie
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species tend to be those which tran
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Taxonomy and nomenclature Stipeae N
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Vernacular names ‘Needlegrass’
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to Bouchenak-Khelladi et al. 2009).
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1 m (Walsh 1994), ca. 90 cm (Verloo
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Figure 2. Anatomy of the seed of N.
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are the seeds larger/smaller, longe
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also based on a misunderstanding of
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Table 2. Modified Feekes Scale for
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Argentina, in the provinces of Chac
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Figure 3. Recorded distribution of
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1994). Only 3 of 186 exotic grasses
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According to Morfe et al. (2003) th
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populations have been found in the
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(Honaine et al. 2006). The flechill
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In Australia the altitudinal range
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Proximity to urban development appe
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In the southern Brazilian campos of
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arundinacea (Gardener et al. 2005).
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al. 2008). Cues for masting may be
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Approximately 200 alien grass speci
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Dispersal of seed in contaminated s
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In New Zealand, Hurrell et al. (199
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No emergence was observed in undist
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and high impact (“ability to caus
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also noted that despite a wide rang
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a small reduction in seedhead produ
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Slashing and mowing Slashing can re
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Themeda re-establishment McDougall
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species (Lawton and Schroder 1977 p
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y increased importance of ant grani
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BIODIVERSITY “Biodiversity ... on
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According to Woods (1997 p. 61) “
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2004, Richardson and van Wilgen 200
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negative depending on the particula
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Competition with native plants Comp
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asexual seed production, so local f
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GRASSLANDS Grasses: “... the most
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susceptible to N. neesiana invasion
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Floristic composition, vegetation s
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proportion of the flora then presen
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tussock space (Stuwe and Parsons 19
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Like vascular plant diversity, comm
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Opinions differ on the nature and i
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Species Common Name Family Aust ACT
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in shifting the distribution, exten
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of these systems is largely explain
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pasture. The least understood trans
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tend to benefit more from relaxed c
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Bovids crop their food between the
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are therefore less likely to distur
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esult in a “short-term flush” o
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Fire effects on weeds Moore (1993 p
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Table 8. Typical nutrient levels in
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grasses produced sigificantly more
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Fossorial vertebrates are or were o
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(Rosengren 1999). Approximately one
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Table 12. Areal extent and conserva
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Foreman (1997) investigated the eff
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Willis (1964) considered that the f
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Austrostipa-Enneapogon) from around
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Woodlands and New England Grassy Wo
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Thylogale billardierii), Peramelida
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Its original habitat on the mainlan
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Table 17. Endangered reptile specie
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equirement, but unlike plants and v
Page 151 and 152: e assigned the same biodiversity sc
Page 153 and 154: Nematodes are mostly minute animals
Page 155 and 156: found in all mainland states, O. co
Page 157 and 158: Keyacris scurra, Melbourne (1993) o
Page 159 and 160: was once widespread in south- easte
Page 161 and 162: eing sluggish and wingless, and exi
Page 163 and 164: estoration and, if Australia follow
Page 165 and 166: close to the plant are able to bury
Page 167 and 168: Species *Chirothrips mexicanus Craw
Page 169 and 170: Table A2.1 (continued) Species Life
Page 171 and 172: Table A2.1 (continued) Species *Het
Page 177 and 178: Nematodes of grasses and grasslands
Page 179 and 180: REFERENCES Aceñolaza, F.G. (2004)
Page 181 and 182: Benson, D. and McDougall, L. (2005)
Page 183 and 184: Chan, C.W. (1980) Natural grassland
Page 185 and 186: DNRE (Department of Natural Resourc
Page 187 and 188: Fuhrer, B. (1993) A Field Companion
Page 189 and 190: Groves, R.H. and Whalley, R.D.B. (2
Page 191 and 192: Iaconis, L. (2004) Chilean needle g
Page 193 and 194: Levine, J.M., Adler, P.B. and Yelen
Page 195 and 196: McDougall, K.L. (1987) Sites of Bot
Page 197 and 198: Morfe, T.A., McLaren, D.A. and Weis
Page 199 and 200: Perelman, S.B., León, R.J.C. and O
Page 201: Saunders, D.A. (1999) Biodiversity
Page 205 and 206: Weiss, J. and McLaren, D. (2002) Vi
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