Literature review: Impact of Chilean needle grass ... - Weeds Australia

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Table A2.1 (continued) Species Life Family Order Host Host tissue References Notes stage Nemapogon granella (L.) larva Tineidae Lepidoptera *Triticum aestivum, *Hordeum seed French 1900 vulgare Crocidosema plegejana Zell. larva Tortricidae Lepidoptera *Triticum aestivum. Common 1990 highly polyphagous; “sometimes damage ears of wheat” in NSW and SA Aprostocetus asperulus (Graham) larva Eulophidae Hymenoptera *Hyparrhenia hirta Boucek 1988 extralimital host record (Madiera), insect known from Brisbane, may be a parasite/ inquiline of another insect Eurytoma spp. larva Eurytomidae Hymenoptera grasses stems Boucek 1988 normally develop with & consume Tetramesa spp. Tetramesa spp. larva Eurytomidae Hymenoptera grasses seeds, internodes Boucek 1988, Wapshere 1990, Naumann 1991 3 Australian spp. associated with grasses (Naumann 1991); Wapshere: Europe, USA; pests of cereals elsewhere in the world - adult Formicidae Hymenoptera grasses seed Gregg 1997 small, light seed readily taken, larger seeds are not Pheidole spp. adult Formicidae Hymenoptera pasture grasses, *cereals, seed Allsopp & Hitchcock *sorghum 1987 “occasional pest sof newly-sown grass ... pastures and cereal crops, especially sorghum ... stands of annual grasses can also be severely reduced” (Allsopp & Hitchcock 1987 p. 91) Ormocerinae larva Pteromalidae Hymenoptera Poaceae Naumann 1991 “associated with galls especially on ... Poaceae” Systasis larva Pteromalidae Hymenoptera grasses seeds Naumann 1991 “associated with grass seeds” Systasis graminis (Cameron) larva Pteromalidae Hymenoptera Panicum sp. seeds Boucek 1988 176
Nematodes of grasses and grasslands Nematodes (Phylum Nematoda) constitute a vast, poorly explored taxon and are “the most abundant multicellular animals on earth” (Baldwin et al. 2004 p. 84). As many as 500,000 species have been predicted to exist, of which only 10,000 were known in 1951 (Meglitsch 1972). Most are entirely free-living in soil, water, etc. and a comparitively small proportion are plant parasites (Baldwin et al. 2004). Many of the parasitic groups have free-living stages and there is a full suite of intermediate lifestyles from fully sedentary ecto- or endoparasitism to migratory endoparasitism (Siddiqi 1986, Baldwin et al. 2004). Many of the plant parasitic nematodes are ecto- or endo-parastites of grasses. Secretion products from plant parasistic species promote plant pathologies including nurse cells, root-knots and cysts specific to particular taxa, while some groups transmit viruses to their hosts (Baldwin et al. 2004). The order Tylenchida, commonly called plant nematodes, is the largest and most economically important group of plant parasites, and its members damage all plant organs including seeds, flowers and especially roots (Siddiqi 1986). However the orders Dorylaimida and Triplonchida also include plant parasites (Baldwin et al. 2004). Johnston (1938) recorded numerous species from unidentified grasses in Australia, along with species that attack sugar cane and cereals, but no records from native grasses. McLeod et al. (1994) recorded 42 taxa from unspecified grass or grasses in Australia and listed the nematode species found on a wide range of other grasses in Australia. In the Stipeae, Anguina sp. is recorded from Austrostipa drummondii (Steud.) Jacobs & Everett and A. nitida (Summerh. & C.E. Hubb.) Jacobs & Everett in Victoria, A. trichophylla (Benth.) Jacobs & Everett in Western Australia and from “Stipa” sp. in NSW, Neodolichodorus adelaidensis and Xiphinema monhystereum are recorded from “Stipa” sp. in South Australia, and Pratylenchus neglectus is recorded from Austrostipa trichophylla (Benth.) Jacobs & Everett in Queensland (McLeod et al. 1994). No species were known from Themeda triandra in south-eastern Australia, but 19 species have been found associated with the plant in Queensland (McLeod et al. 1994). Radopholus intermedius Colbran was described from material taken from around the roots of Allocasuarina torulosa (Aiton) L. Johnson and T. triandra, and R. laevis Colbran has also been found in this situation (Colbran 1971). The genus Radopholus Thorne contains 22 root endoparasitic species all but one of which are indigenous to Australia (Siddiqi 1986). Table A2.2. Literature records of the hosts of grass-inhabiting Nematoda recorded in south-eastern Australia. Grasses included are inhabitants or probably occur in temperate south eastern Australian grasslands. South-eastern Australia excludes Queensland. Nematodes recorded from unspecified grass or grasses are not included. The list is indicative only, since a large proportion of the distribution records are not from grasslands. All data from McLeod et al. (1994). Nematode family assignment from Siddiqi (1986). Grass Nematode Family Distribution *Agrostis capillaris Belonolaimus sp. Dolichodoridae NSW Helicotylenchus dihystera Tylenchidae NSW *Agrostis stoloniferea Paratrichodorus lobatus ? NSW Paratylenchus nanus Paratylenchidae NSW *Avena fatua Paratylenchus sp. Paratylenchidae Vic *Avena sativa Ditylenchus dipsaci Anguinidae SA Heterodera avenae Heteroderidae NSW, SA, Vic Meloidogyne javanica Meloidogynidae NSW Paratylenchus neglectus Paratylenchidae SA, Vic Pratylenchus thornei Pratylenchidae SA Pratylenchus sp. Pratylenchidae Vic Scutellonema brachyurum Hoplolaimidae NSW Austrodanthonia caespitosa Paralongidorus sacchari ? SA Xiphinema monohysterum Neotylenchidae SA Austrodanthonia setacea Paratylenchus sp. Paratylenchidae SA Austrostipa nitida Anguina sp. Anguinidae Vic *Bromus catharticus Ditylenchus dipsaci Anguinidae NSW *Bromus sp. Meloidogyne sp. Meloidogynidae SA *Chloris gayana Meloidogyne incognita Meloidogynidae NSW *Cynodon dactylon Belonolaimus lolii Dolichodoridae NSW Criconema mutabilie Criconematidae SA Ditylenchus intermedius Anguinidae NSW Helicotylenchus dihystera Tylenchidae NSW Hemicriconemoides minor Criconematidae Vic Hemicycliophora labiata Hemicycliophoridae NSW, SA Hemicycliophora saueri Hemicycliophoridae Vic Hemicyliophora truncata Hemicycliophoridae NSW Heterodera graminis Heteroderidae NSW Heterodera sp. Heteroderidae NSW Macroposthonis sp. Criocnematidae Vic Morulaimus whitei Dolichodoridae Vic Paralongidorus eucalypti ? Vic Paratrichodorus lobatus ? NSW, SA Paratrichodorus minor ? NSW Rotylenchus brevicaudatus Hoplolaimidae NSW Scutellonema brachyurum Hoplolaimidae NSW, SA 177
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Literature review: Impact of Chilea
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Fire 49 Other disturbances 50 Shade
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Conventions and standards Botanical
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neesiana appears to be a habitat ge
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population densities of existing sp
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elated plants have similar defences
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For invasion to occur there must be
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As yet there appears to be no evide
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experimental manipulation of specie
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species tend to be those which tran
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Taxonomy and nomenclature Stipeae N
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Vernacular names ‘Needlegrass’
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to Bouchenak-Khelladi et al. 2009).
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1 m (Walsh 1994), ca. 90 cm (Verloo
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Figure 2. Anatomy of the seed of N.
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are the seeds larger/smaller, longe
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also based on a misunderstanding of
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Table 2. Modified Feekes Scale for
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Argentina, in the provinces of Chac
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Figure 3. Recorded distribution of
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1994). Only 3 of 186 exotic grasses
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According to Morfe et al. (2003) th
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populations have been found in the
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(Honaine et al. 2006). The flechill
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In Australia the altitudinal range
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Proximity to urban development appe
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In the southern Brazilian campos of
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arundinacea (Gardener et al. 2005).
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al. 2008). Cues for masting may be
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Approximately 200 alien grass speci
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Dispersal of seed in contaminated s
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In New Zealand, Hurrell et al. (199
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No emergence was observed in undist
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and high impact (“ability to caus
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also noted that despite a wide rang
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a small reduction in seedhead produ
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Slashing and mowing Slashing can re
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Themeda re-establishment McDougall
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species (Lawton and Schroder 1977 p
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y increased importance of ant grani
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BIODIVERSITY “Biodiversity ... on
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According to Woods (1997 p. 61) “
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2004, Richardson and van Wilgen 200
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negative depending on the particula
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Competition with native plants Comp
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asexual seed production, so local f
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GRASSLANDS Grasses: “... the most
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susceptible to N. neesiana invasion
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Floristic composition, vegetation s
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proportion of the flora then presen
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tussock space (Stuwe and Parsons 19
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Like vascular plant diversity, comm
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Opinions differ on the nature and i
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Species Common Name Family Aust ACT
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in shifting the distribution, exten
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of these systems is largely explain
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pasture. The least understood trans
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tend to benefit more from relaxed c
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Bovids crop their food between the
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are therefore less likely to distur
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esult in a “short-term flush” o
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Fire effects on weeds Moore (1993 p
Page 125 and 126: Table 8. Typical nutrient levels in
Page 127 and 128: grasses produced sigificantly more
Page 129 and 130: Fossorial vertebrates are or were o
Page 131 and 132: (Rosengren 1999). Approximately one
Page 133 and 134: Table 12. Areal extent and conserva
Page 135 and 136: Foreman (1997) investigated the eff
Page 137 and 138: Willis (1964) considered that the f
Page 139 and 140: Austrostipa-Enneapogon) from around
Page 141 and 142: Woodlands and New England Grassy Wo
Page 143 and 144: Thylogale billardierii), Peramelida
Page 145 and 146: Its original habitat on the mainlan
Page 147 and 148: Table 17. Endangered reptile specie
Page 149 and 150: equirement, but unlike plants and v
Page 151 and 152: e assigned the same biodiversity sc
Page 153 and 154: Nematodes are mostly minute animals
Page 155 and 156: found in all mainland states, O. co
Page 157 and 158: Keyacris scurra, Melbourne (1993) o
Page 159 and 160: was once widespread in south- easte
Page 161 and 162: eing sluggish and wingless, and exi
Page 163 and 164: estoration and, if Australia follow
Page 165 and 166: close to the plant are able to bury
Page 167 and 168: Species *Chirothrips mexicanus Craw
Page 169 and 170: Table A2.1 (continued) Species Life
Page 171 and 172: Table A2.1 (continued) Species *Het
Page 173 and 174: Table A2.1 (continued) Species Life
Page 175: Table A2.1 (continued) Species Life
Page 179 and 180: REFERENCES Aceñolaza, F.G. (2004)
Page 181 and 182: Benson, D. and McDougall, L. (2005)
Page 183 and 184: Chan, C.W. (1980) Natural grassland
Page 185 and 186: DNRE (Department of Natural Resourc
Page 187 and 188: Fuhrer, B. (1993) A Field Companion
Page 189 and 190: Groves, R.H. and Whalley, R.D.B. (2
Page 191 and 192: Iaconis, L. (2004) Chilean needle g
Page 193 and 194: Levine, J.M., Adler, P.B. and Yelen
Page 195 and 196: McDougall, K.L. (1987) Sites of Bot
Page 197 and 198: Morfe, T.A., McLaren, D.A. and Weis
Page 199 and 200: Perelman, S.B., León, R.J.C. and O
Page 201 and 202: Saunders, D.A. (1999) Biodiversity
Page 203 and 204: Thellung, A. (1912) La flore advent
Page 205 and 206: Weiss, J. and McLaren, D. (2002) Vi
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