Literature review: Impact of Chilean needle grass ... - Weeds Australia

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Yugovic and Mitchell 2006). The Safety Beach grasslands are on alluvial clays, were seasonally swampy, and are dominated by Poa poiformis (Labill.) Druce (very close to or identical with P. labillardieri var. (Volcanic plains)) and Notodanthonia semiannularis (Labill.) Zotov, along with T. triandra, and are also considered to be Gippsland Plains Grasslands (Sinclair 2007). Similar grasslands once occurred at Carrum (Sinclair 2007). Both the Westernport region and Safety Beach grasslands included Acacia melanoxylon R.Br. in the overstorey in some areas, and were transitional into grassy woodlands and Melaleuca ericifolia swamp scrub. 132
Table 12. Areal extent and conservation and reservation status of grassland and grassy woodland Ecological Vegetation Classes in Victoria by bioregion. Source: Traill and Porter (2001), June 2000 data from Department of Natural Resources and Environment. Conservation status: X = extinct, E = endangered, V = vulnerable, R = rare, D = depleted, LC = least concern; Reservation status: X = EVC not reaching reservation target, Y = reaches reservation target. Excludes swamp and wetland categories and tree or shrub dominated formations including a grassland component. Ecological Vegetation Class Bioregion % of Bioregion mapped Conservation Status Reservation Status Pre-1750 area (ha) 2000 Extent (ha) Proportion existing (%) Plains Grassland Central Victorian Uplands 100 E X 10490 219 2 Gippsland Plain 75 E X 37327 291 1 Glenelg Plain 100 E X 46214 944 2 Goldfields 99 E X 1560 0 0 Murray Mallee 4 7862 3 0 Otway Plain 100 E X 2064 76 4 Victorian Riverina 77 E X 168816 579 0 Victorian Volcanic Plain 100 E X 220073 2291 1 Wimmera 41 24612 3 0 Plains Grassland/Stony Knoll Shrubland Victorian Volcanic Plain 100 761 0 0 Plains Grassland/Plains Grassy Woodland Mosaic Victorian Volcanic Plain 100 456163 3326 1 Riverina Plains Grassy Woodland/Plains Grassland Mosaic Central Victorian Uplands 100 2799 241 9 Goldfields 99 1696 5 0 Murray Mallee 4 12314 1 0 Victorian Riverina 77 6808 16 0 Victorian Volcanic Plain 100 8873 333 4 Wimmera 41 3607 3 0 Wimmera Plains Grassy Woodland/Plains Grassland Mosaic Goldfields 99 90 4 4 Murray Mallee 4 2549 1 0 Wimmera 41 6739 2 0 Riverina Plains Grassy Woodland/Plains Grassland/Gilgai Plain Woodland Mosaic Goldfields 99 11307 24 0 Victorian Riverina 77 415 0 0 Black Box Chenopod Woodland/Plains Grassland Mosaic Wimmera 41 190 0 0 Swamp Scrub/Plains Grassland Mosaic Gippsland Plain 75 22218 0 0 Plains Grassland/Gilgai Plain Woodland/Wetland Mosaic Victorian Riverina 77 16180 87 1 Creekline Tussock Grassland Victorian Volcanic Plain 100 X 2591 0 0 Coastal Tussock Grassland Otway Plain 100 V X 249 176 71 Otway Ranges 100 V Y 62 54 86 Gippsland Plain 75 R X 744 522 74 Victorian Volcanic Plain 100 V X 30 20 68 Warrnambool Plain 100 R Y 198 160 81 Coastal Headland Scrub/Headland Coastal Tussock Grassland Mosaic Otway Plain 100 253 193 76 Mangrove Shrubland/Coastal Salmarsh/Berm Grassy Shrubland/Coastal Tussock Grassland Otway Plain 100 61 26 43 Coastal Headland Scrub/Headland Coastal Tussock Grassland Complex Warrnambool Plain 100 1094 490 45 Coastal Dune Grassland Gippsland Plain 75 R X 32 32 100 Scree-slope Grassland/Woodland Greater Grampians 100 32 7 22 Calcareous Swale Grassland Gippsland Plain 75 R Y 558 310 55 Montane Grassland Highlands - Northern Fall 100 E X 2013 52 3 Montane Grassy Woodland/Montane Grassland Mosaic Highlands - Northern Fall 100 1867 1 0 Sub-alpine Grassland Highlands - Northern Fall 100 R Y 879 879 100 Highlands - Southern Fall 100 R X 987 983 100 Victorian Alps 100 LC Y 13925 13492 97 Sub-alpine Wet Heathland/Sub-alpineGrasslandMosaic Highlands - Northern Fall 100 315 285 90 Highlands - Southern Fall 100 696 696 100 Victorian Alps 100 2643 2437 92 133
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Literature review: Impact of Chilea
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Fire 49 Other disturbances 50 Shade
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Conventions and standards Botanical
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neesiana appears to be a habitat ge
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population densities of existing sp
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elated plants have similar defences
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For invasion to occur there must be
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As yet there appears to be no evide
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experimental manipulation of specie
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species tend to be those which tran
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Taxonomy and nomenclature Stipeae N
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Vernacular names ‘Needlegrass’
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to Bouchenak-Khelladi et al. 2009).
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1 m (Walsh 1994), ca. 90 cm (Verloo
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Figure 2. Anatomy of the seed of N.
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are the seeds larger/smaller, longe
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also based on a misunderstanding of
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Table 2. Modified Feekes Scale for
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Argentina, in the provinces of Chac
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Figure 3. Recorded distribution of
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1994). Only 3 of 186 exotic grasses
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According to Morfe et al. (2003) th
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populations have been found in the
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(Honaine et al. 2006). The flechill
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In Australia the altitudinal range
Page 51 and 52:
Proximity to urban development appe
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In the southern Brazilian campos of
Page 55 and 56:
arundinacea (Gardener et al. 2005).
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al. 2008). Cues for masting may be
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Approximately 200 alien grass speci
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Dispersal of seed in contaminated s
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In New Zealand, Hurrell et al. (199
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No emergence was observed in undist
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and high impact (“ability to caus
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also noted that despite a wide rang
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a small reduction in seedhead produ
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Slashing and mowing Slashing can re
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Themeda re-establishment McDougall
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species (Lawton and Schroder 1977 p
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y increased importance of ant grani
Page 81 and 82: BIODIVERSITY “Biodiversity ... on
Page 83 and 84: According to Woods (1997 p. 61) “
Page 85 and 86: 2004, Richardson and van Wilgen 200
Page 87 and 88: negative depending on the particula
Page 89 and 90: Competition with native plants Comp
Page 91 and 92: asexual seed production, so local f
Page 93 and 94: GRASSLANDS Grasses: “... the most
Page 95 and 96: susceptible to N. neesiana invasion
Page 97 and 98: Floristic composition, vegetation s
Page 99 and 100: proportion of the flora then presen
Page 101 and 102: tussock space (Stuwe and Parsons 19
Page 103 and 104: Like vascular plant diversity, comm
Page 105 and 106: Opinions differ on the nature and i
Page 107 and 108: Species Common Name Family Aust ACT
Page 109 and 110: in shifting the distribution, exten
Page 111 and 112: of these systems is largely explain
Page 113 and 114: pasture. The least understood trans
Page 115 and 116: tend to benefit more from relaxed c
Page 117 and 118: Bovids crop their food between the
Page 119 and 120: are therefore less likely to distur
Page 121 and 122: esult in a “short-term flush” o
Page 123 and 124: Fire effects on weeds Moore (1993 p
Page 125 and 126: Table 8. Typical nutrient levels in
Page 127 and 128: grasses produced sigificantly more
Page 129 and 130: Fossorial vertebrates are or were o
Page 131: (Rosengren 1999). Approximately one
Page 135 and 136: Foreman (1997) investigated the eff
Page 137 and 138: Willis (1964) considered that the f
Page 139 and 140: Austrostipa-Enneapogon) from around
Page 141 and 142: Woodlands and New England Grassy Wo
Page 143 and 144: Thylogale billardierii), Peramelida
Page 145 and 146: Its original habitat on the mainlan
Page 147 and 148: Table 17. Endangered reptile specie
Page 149 and 150: equirement, but unlike plants and v
Page 151 and 152: e assigned the same biodiversity sc
Page 153 and 154: Nematodes are mostly minute animals
Page 155 and 156: found in all mainland states, O. co
Page 157 and 158: Keyacris scurra, Melbourne (1993) o
Page 159 and 160: was once widespread in south- easte
Page 161 and 162: eing sluggish and wingless, and exi
Page 163 and 164: estoration and, if Australia follow
Page 165 and 166: close to the plant are able to bury
Page 167 and 168: Species *Chirothrips mexicanus Craw
Page 169 and 170: Table A2.1 (continued) Species Life
Page 171 and 172: Table A2.1 (continued) Species *Het
Page 177 and 178: Nematodes of grasses and grasslands
Page 179 and 180: REFERENCES Aceñolaza, F.G. (2004)
Page 181 and 182: Benson, D. and McDougall, L. (2005)
Page 183 and 184:
Chan, C.W. (1980) Natural grassland
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DNRE (Department of Natural Resourc
Page 187 and 188:
Fuhrer, B. (1993) A Field Companion
Page 189 and 190:
Groves, R.H. and Whalley, R.D.B. (2
Page 191 and 192:
Iaconis, L. (2004) Chilean needle g
Page 193 and 194:
Levine, J.M., Adler, P.B. and Yelen
Page 195 and 196:
McDougall, K.L. (1987) Sites of Bot
Page 197 and 198:
Morfe, T.A., McLaren, D.A. and Weis
Page 199 and 200:
Perelman, S.B., León, R.J.C. and O
Page 201 and 202:
Saunders, D.A. (1999) Biodiversity
Page 203 and 204:
Thellung, A. (1912) La flore advent
Page 205 and 206:
Weiss, J. and McLaren, D. (2002) Vi
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