Literature review: Impact of Chilean needle grass ... - Weeds Australia

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Kelly, D. and Skipworth, J.P. (1984) Tradescantia fluminensis in a Manawatu (New Zealand) forest: I. Growth and effects on regeneration. New Zealand Journal of Botany 22, 393-397. Kelly, D., Turnbull, M.H., Pharis, R.P. and Sarfati, M.S. (2008) Mast seeding, predator satiation, and temperature cues in Chionochloa (Poaceae). Population Ecology 50, 343-355. Kershaw, A.P., Martin, H.A. and McEwen Mason, J.R.C. (1994) The Neogene: a period of transition. In R.S. Hill (Ed.), History of the Australian Vegetation: Cretaceous to Recent, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 299-327. Kershaw, P., Quilty, P.G., David, B., Van Huet, S. and McMinn, A. (2000) Palaeobiogeography of the Quaternary of Australasia. In J.A. Wright, G.C. Young, J.A. Talent and J.R. Laurie (Eds.), Palaeobiogeography of Australasian Faunas and Floras, Memoir 23 of the Association of Australian Palaeontologists, Canberra, pp. 471-515. Kershaw, R.C. (1991) Snail and Slug Pests of Tasmania. Queen Victoria Museum and Art Gallery, Launceston. Key, K.H.L. (1973) The primary types of the Australian Eumastacidae (Orthoptera: Eumastacoidea). Australian Journal of Zoology Supplementary Series No. 19. Key, K.H.L. (1976) A generic and suprgeneric classification of the Morabinae (Orthoptera: Eumastacidae), with description of the type species and a bibliography of the subfamily. Australian Journal of Zoology Supplementary Series No. 37. Key, K.H.L. (1978) The conservation status of Australia’s insect fauna. Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service Occasional Paper No. 1 1978, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 24 pp. Key, K.H.L. (1981) Species, parapatry, and the morabine grasshoppers. Systematic Zoology 30(4), 425-458. Khidir, H.H., Eudy, D.M., Porras-Alfaro, A., Herrera, J., Natvig, D.O. and Sinsabaugh, R.L. (2009) A general suite of fungal endophytes dominate the roots of two dominant grasses in a semiarid grassland. Journal of Arid Environments doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2009.07.014 King, S.A. and Buckney, R.T. (2001) Exotic plants in the soil-stored seed bank of urban bushland.. Australian Journal of Botany 49, 717-720. King, S.A. and Buckney, R.T. (2002) Invasion of exotic plants in nutrient-enriched urban bushland. Austral Ecology 27, 573-583. Kirkpatrick, J. (1995) The status of lowland temperate grasslands in south-eastern Australia. In S. Sharp and R. Rehwinkel (Eds.), Management of Relict Lowland Grasslands. Proceedings of a Workshop and Public Seminar September 24 and 25, 1993. ACT Parks and Conservation Service Conservation Series No. 8, pp. 75-79. Kirkpatrick, J.B. (2007) Collateral benefit: unconscious conservation of threatened plant species. Australian Journal of Botany 55, 221-224. Kirkpatrick, J., McDougall, K. and Hyde, M. (1995) Australia’s Most Threatened Ecosystem. The Southeastern Lowland Native Grasslands. SurreyBeatty and Sons and the World Wide Fund for Nature Australia, Chipping Norton, NSW. Kleinschmidt, R.P. (1965) Some leaf-mining Agromyzidae (Diptera) from Queensland. Journal of the Entomological Society of Queensland 4, 1- 2. Klink, C.A. (1996) Germination and seedling establishment of two natives and one invading African grass species in the Brazilian cerrado. Journal of Tropical Ecology 12, 139-147. Knapp, A.K. and Seastedt, T.R. (1986) Detritus accumulation limits productivity in tall-grass prairies. BioScience 36, 662-668. Kolesik, P., Sarfati, M.S., Brockerhoff, E.G. and Kelly, D. (2007) Description of Eucalyptodiplosis chionochloae sp. nov., a cecidomyiid feeding on inflorescences of Chionochloa (Poaceae) in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 34, 107-115. Krebs, C.J. (1985) Ecology. The Experimental Analysis of Distribution and Abundance. 3rd Ed., Harper and Row Publishers, New York. Kreyling, J., Beierkuhnlein, C., Ellis, L. and Jentsch, A. (2008) Invasibility of grassland and heath communities exposed to extreme weather events – additive effects of diversity resistance and fluctuating physical environments. Oikos 117, 1542-1554. Kukolic, K. (1994) Survey for the Striped Legless Lizard Delma impar during 1993 at the National Museum of Australia site, Yarramundi Reach, ACT. Report to the National Capital Planning Authority. Wildlife Research Unit, ACT Parks and Conservation Service, Tuggeranong, ACT, December, v + 28 pp. Kuschel, G. (1972) The foreign Cuculionoidea established in New Zealand (Insecta: Coleoptera). New Zealand Journal of Science 15, 273-289. Kuschel, G. (1990) Beetles in a suburban environment: a New Zealand case study. The identity and status of Coleoptera in the natural and modified habitats of Lynfield, Auckland (1974-1989). New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Plant Protection Report No. 3, Auckland, 119 pp. Kutt, A.S., Coulson, G. and Wainer, J. (1998) Diet of the Striped Legless Lizard Delma impar (Squamata: Pygopodidae) in a western (basalt) plains grassland, Victoria. Australian Zoologist 30(4), 412-418. Lange, R.T. (1983) Native vegetation. In M.J.Tyler, C.R.Twidale, J.K.Ling and J.W. Holmes (Eds.), Natural History of the South East. Royal Society of South Australia Inc., pp. 95-113. Lawton, J.H. and Schroder, D. (1977) Effects of plant type, size of geographical range and taxonomic isolation on number of insects species associated with British plants. Nature 265, 137-140. Lee, C.E. (2002) Evolutionary genetics of invasive species. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 17(8), 386-391. Leeper, G.W. (1970) Soils. In G.W. Leeper (Ed.) The Australian Environment. 4th Ed., CSIRO and Melbourne University Press, Carlton, pp. 21- 31. Leigh, E.G. (2007) Neutral theory: a historical perspective. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 20, 2075-2091. Leigh, J.H. and Briggs, J.D. (1992) Threatened Australian Plants: Overview and Case Studies. 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Levine, J.M., Adler, P.B. and Yelenik, S.G. (2004) A meta-analysis of biotic resistance to exotic plant invasions. Ecology Letters 7, 975-989. Levine, J.M., Vilà, M., D’Antonio, C.M., Dukes, J.S.,Grigulis, K. and Lavorel,S. (2003) Mechanisms underlying the impacts of exotic plant invasions. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B 270, 775-781. Liebert, A. (1996) Chilean Needle Grass: Stipa neesiana. Assessment Report to the North Central CALP Region. Department of Conservation and Natural Resources North Central Catchment and Land Protection Region, unpublished report, February, 39 pp. Lock, J.M. and Millburn, T.R. (1970) The seed biology of Themeda triandra Forsk. in relation to fire. In E. Duffey and A.S. Watt (Eds.), The Scientific Management of Animal and Plant Communities for Conservation. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, UK, pp. 337-349. Lockwood, J.L., Hoopes, M.F. and Marchetti, M.P. (2007) Invasion Ecology. 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Australia’s Wild Food Harvest. Angus and Robertson, Pymble, NSW. Low, T. (2002) The New Nature. Winners and Losers in Wild Australia. Viking/Penguin Group, Camberwell, Victoria. Lowe, A.D. (1954) A note on the death of nassella tussock Nassella trichotoma (Nees.) Hack., due to the depradations of Chlorochiton sp. New Zealand Entomologist 1(4), 15-16. Loyn, R.H. and French, K. (1991) Birds and environmental weeds in south-eastern Australia. Plant Protection Quarterly 6(3), 137-149. Lundgren, J.G. and Rosentrater, K.A. (2007) The strength of seeds and their destruction by granivorous insects. Arthropod-Plant Interactions 1, 93-99. Lunt, I.D. (1990a) A floristic survey of the Derrimut Grassland Reserve, Melbourne,Victoria. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 102(1), 41-52. Lunt, I.D. (1990b) The soil seed bank of a long-grazed Themeda triandra grassland in Victoria. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 102(1), 53-57. Lunt, I.D. (1990c) Impact of an autumn fire on a long-grazed Themeda trianda (Kangaroo Grass) grassland: impications for management of invaded, remnant vegetations. Victorian Naturalist 107(2), 45-51. Lunt, I.D. (1990d) Species area curves and growth-form spectra for some herb-rich woodlands in western Victoria, Australia. Australian Journal of Ecology 15,155-161. Lunt, I.D. (1991) Management of remnant lowland grasslands and grassy woodlands for nature conservation: a review. Victorian Naturalist 108(3), 56-66. Lunt, I.D. (1994) Variation in flower production of nine grassland species with time since fire, and implications for grassland management and restoration. Pacific Conservation Biology 1, 359-366. Surrey Beatty and Sons, Sydney. Lunt, I.D. (1995a) Seed longevity of six native forbs in a closed Themeda triandra grassland. Australian Journal of Botany 43, 439-449. Lunt, I.D. (1995b) European management of remnant grassy forests and woodlands in south-eastern Australia- past, present and future? Victorian Naturalist 112(6), 239-249. Lunt, I.D. (1995c) A flexible approach to grassland management based on plant life-forms and growth-forms. In S. Sharp and R. Rehwinkel (Eds.), Management of Relict Lowland Grasslands. Proceedings of a Workshop and Public Seminar, September 24 and 25 1993. ACT Parks and Conservation Service Conservation Series No. 8, pp. 112-121. Lunt, I.D. (1996) A transient soil seed bank for the yam-daisy Microseris scapigera. Victorian Naturalist 113, 16-19. Lunt, I.D. (1997) Effects of long-term vegetation management on remnant grassy forests and anthropogenic native grasslands in south-eastern Australia. Biological Conservation 81, 287-297. Lunt, I., Barlow, T. and Ross, J. (1998) Plains Wandering. Exploring the Grassy Plains of South-eastern Australia. Victorian National Parks Association and Trust for Nature (Victoria), Melbourne. Lunt, I.D. and Morgan, J.W. (1999a) Effect of fire frequency on plant competition at the Laverton North Grassland Reserve, Victoria. Victorian Naturalist 116(3), 84-89. Lunt, I.D. and Morgan, J.W. (1999b) Vegetation changes after 10 years of grazing exclusion and intermittent burning in a Themeda triandra (Poaceae) grassland reserve in south-eastern Australia. Australian Journal of Botany 47, 537-552. Lunt, I. and Morgan, J. (1999c) Lessons from grassland management of Laverton North and Derrimut Grassland Reserves: what can we learn for future grassland management? In V. Craigie and C. Hocking (Eds.), Down to Grass Roots. Proceedings of a Conference on Management of Grassy Ecosystems, 9 and 10 July 1998, Victoria University, St Albans, Vic., pp. 69-74. Lunt, I.D. and Morgan, J.W. (2000) Can competition from Themeda triandra inhibit invasion by the perennial exotic grass Nassella neesiana in native grasslands? Plant Protection Quarterly 15(3), 92-94. Lunt, I.D. and Morgan, J.W. (2002) The role of fire regimes in temperate lowland grasslands of southeastern Australia. In R.A. Bradstock, J.E. Williams and M.A. Gill (Eds.), Flammable Australia. The Fire Regimes and Biodiversity of a Continent. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 177-196. MacDougall, A.S. and Turkington, R. (2007) Does the type of disturbance matter when restoring disturbance-dependent grasslands? Restoration Ecology15(2), 263-272. Mack, M.C. and D’Antonio, C.M. (1998) Impacts of biological invasions on disturbance regimes. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 13(5), 195- 198. Mack, R.N. (1989) Temperate grasslands vulnerable to to plant invasions: characteristics and consequences. In J.A. Drake, H.A. Mooney, F. di Castri, R.H. Groves, F.J. Kruger, M. Rejmanek and M. Williamson (Eds.), Biological Invasions: a Global Perspective, Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE) 37, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK, pp. 155-179. 193
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Literature review: Impact of Chilea
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Fire 49 Other disturbances 50 Shade
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Conventions and standards Botanical
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neesiana appears to be a habitat ge
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population densities of existing sp
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elated plants have similar defences
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For invasion to occur there must be
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As yet there appears to be no evide
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experimental manipulation of specie
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species tend to be those which tran
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Taxonomy and nomenclature Stipeae N
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Vernacular names ‘Needlegrass’
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to Bouchenak-Khelladi et al. 2009).
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1 m (Walsh 1994), ca. 90 cm (Verloo
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Figure 2. Anatomy of the seed of N.
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are the seeds larger/smaller, longe
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also based on a misunderstanding of
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Table 2. Modified Feekes Scale for
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Argentina, in the provinces of Chac
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Figure 3. Recorded distribution of
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1994). Only 3 of 186 exotic grasses
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According to Morfe et al. (2003) th
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populations have been found in the
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(Honaine et al. 2006). The flechill
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In Australia the altitudinal range
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Proximity to urban development appe
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In the southern Brazilian campos of
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arundinacea (Gardener et al. 2005).
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al. 2008). Cues for masting may be
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Approximately 200 alien grass speci
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Dispersal of seed in contaminated s
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In New Zealand, Hurrell et al. (199
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No emergence was observed in undist
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and high impact (“ability to caus
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also noted that despite a wide rang
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a small reduction in seedhead produ
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Slashing and mowing Slashing can re
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Themeda re-establishment McDougall
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species (Lawton and Schroder 1977 p
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y increased importance of ant grani
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BIODIVERSITY “Biodiversity ... on
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According to Woods (1997 p. 61) “
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2004, Richardson and van Wilgen 200
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negative depending on the particula
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Competition with native plants Comp
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asexual seed production, so local f
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GRASSLANDS Grasses: “... the most
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susceptible to N. neesiana invasion
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Floristic composition, vegetation s
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proportion of the flora then presen
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tussock space (Stuwe and Parsons 19
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Like vascular plant diversity, comm
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Opinions differ on the nature and i
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Species Common Name Family Aust ACT
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in shifting the distribution, exten
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of these systems is largely explain
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pasture. The least understood trans
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tend to benefit more from relaxed c
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Bovids crop their food between the
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are therefore less likely to distur
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esult in a “short-term flush” o
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Fire effects on weeds Moore (1993 p
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Table 8. Typical nutrient levels in
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grasses produced sigificantly more
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Fossorial vertebrates are or were o
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(Rosengren 1999). Approximately one
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Table 12. Areal extent and conserva
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Foreman (1997) investigated the eff
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Willis (1964) considered that the f
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Austrostipa-Enneapogon) from around
Page 141 and 142: Woodlands and New England Grassy Wo
Page 143 and 144: Thylogale billardierii), Peramelida
Page 145 and 146: Its original habitat on the mainlan
Page 147 and 148: Table 17. Endangered reptile specie
Page 149 and 150: equirement, but unlike plants and v
Page 151 and 152: e assigned the same biodiversity sc
Page 153 and 154: Nematodes are mostly minute animals
Page 155 and 156: found in all mainland states, O. co
Page 157 and 158: Keyacris scurra, Melbourne (1993) o
Page 159 and 160: was once widespread in south- easte
Page 161 and 162: eing sluggish and wingless, and exi
Page 163 and 164: estoration and, if Australia follow
Page 165 and 166: close to the plant are able to bury
Page 167 and 168: Species *Chirothrips mexicanus Craw
Page 169 and 170: Table A2.1 (continued) Species Life
Page 171 and 172: Table A2.1 (continued) Species *Het
Page 177 and 178: Nematodes of grasses and grasslands
Page 179 and 180: REFERENCES Aceñolaza, F.G. (2004)
Page 181 and 182: Benson, D. and McDougall, L. (2005)
Page 183 and 184: Chan, C.W. (1980) Natural grassland
Page 185 and 186: DNRE (Department of Natural Resourc
Page 187 and 188: Fuhrer, B. (1993) A Field Companion
Page 189 and 190: Groves, R.H. and Whalley, R.D.B. (2
Page 191: Iaconis, L. (2004) Chilean needle g
Page 195 and 196: McDougall, K.L. (1987) Sites of Bot
Page 197 and 198: Morfe, T.A., McLaren, D.A. and Weis
Page 199 and 200: Perelman, S.B., León, R.J.C. and O
Page 201 and 202: Saunders, D.A. (1999) Biodiversity
Page 203 and 204: Thellung, A. (1912) La flore advent
Page 205 and 206: Weiss, J. and McLaren, D. (2002) Vi
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