Literature review: Impact of Chilean needle grass ... - Weeds Australia

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Table A2.1 (continued) Species Life Family Order Host Host tissue References Notes stage Atherigona spp., shoot flies larva Muscidae Diptera grasses, *cereals shoots Pont 1989 “primary pests” - larva microlepidoptera Lepidoptera grasses Wapshere 1990 Europe Anthela basigera (Walker) larva Anthelidae Leidoptera grasses foligage Marriott 2008 Anthela denticulata (Newman) larva Anthelidae Leidoptera grasses,*cereals; *Triticum aestivum foliage French 1911, Common 1990, Edwards & Fairey Anthela euryphrica Turner larva Anthelidae Leidoptera grasses; causes periodic damage to crops 1996 , Marriott 2008 foliage Common 1990; Edwards & Fairey 1996 Anthela ferruginosa Walker larva Anthelidae Lepidoptera grasses, *cereals foliage Common 1990 Anthela ocellata (Walker) larva Anthelidae Lepidoptera grasses, *cereals foliage French 1911, Common 1990, Marriott 2008 various introduced grasses, *Ehrharta erecta foliage Coupar & Coupar 1992 Anthela oressarcha Turner larva Anthelidae Leidoptera grass foliage Common 1990 Anthela ostra Swinhoe larva Anthelidae Leidoptera causes periodic damage to crops foliage Edwards & Fairey 1996 Pterolocera spp. larva Anthelidae Lepidoptera grasses; periodic damage to native pastures “frequently found feeding on grasses in gardens” (Common 1990) ? grass feeder; ?insect found in SE Aust. foliage Common 1990, Edwards & Fairey 1996, Marriott 2008 larvae “accept Poa spp. and many introduced grasses” (Marriott 2008); also “clover and low growing shrubs” (Common 1990) Synemon plana Walker larva Castniidae Lepidoptera Austrodanthonia laevis roots Common 1990 See general discussion on Synemon spp. - larva Elachistidae Lepidoptera grasses leaf and stem miners Cosmiotes synethes (Meyrick) larva Elachistidae Lepidoptera grasses, *Bromus catharticus, *Triticum aestivum Wapshere 1990, Nielsen & Common 1991 leaf miner Common 1990, Nielsen & Common 1991 Fraus simulans Walker larva Hepialidae Lepidoptera grasses Allsopp & Hitchcock 1987 Oncopera spp. larva Hepialidae Lepidoptera grasses roots, stems, leaves Chadwick 1966, Allsopp & Hitchcock 1987, Common 1990, Gregg 1997, Edwards 2002 Europe, Australia “larva produces an elongate blotch mine” (Common 1990) feeds “mostly on grasses” Oncopera alboguttata Tindale larva Hepialidae Lepidoptera *Nassella trichotoma foliage Campbell 1998 killed small areas Oncopera alpina Tindale larva Hepialidae Lepidoptera Poa “australis”, Poa spp. snowgrasses Oncopera fasciculatus (Walker) larva Hepialidae Lepidoptera grasses and other pasture plants, annual grasses, *Phalaris, *Dactylis glomerata tussock bases and roots? foliage Carr & Turner 1959, Chadwick 1966, Allsopp & Hitchcock 1987, Common 1990, Madge 1954, Erlich 1980, Allsopp & Hitchcock 1987 “prefer grasses, especially reyegrass” (Gregg 1997); “Young larvae ... feed on the roots and leaves of young grasses” (Allsopp & Hitchcock 1987 p. 74). Larve “feed on the bases of snow grass tussocks” (Edwards 2002 p. 61). Stem and blade-base most damaging (Chadwick 1966) “extensive patch death” in Australian Alps (McDougall &Walsh 2007); “damage to the aerial parts of the tussocks is slight” (Carr & Turner 1959 p. 20). “eat new green pasture as it appears ... larger numbers ... eat both new green feed and old dry pasture”, mature Phalaris tussocks little damaged, D. glomerata tussocks killed (Madge 1954 p. 193) 172
Table A2.1 (continued) Species Life Family Order Host Host tissue References Notes stage Oncopera intricata Walker larva Hepialidae Lepidoptera grasses foliage French 1909, Allsopp & Hitchcock 1987 Oncopera rufobrunnea Tindale larva Hepialidae Lepidoptera *Nassella trichotoma, grasses foliage, stems Campbell 1998, Gregg 1997, Common 1990, Allsopp & Hitchcock 1987, Hill et al. 1993 Oncopera tindalei Common larva Hepialidae Lepidoptera grasses foliage Allsopp & Hitchcock 1987 Oxycanus antipoda (Herrich- Schäffer) larva Hepialidae Lepidoptera grasses foliage Erlich 1980, Common 1990 Oxycanus fuscomaculatus Walker larva Hepialidae Lepidoptera grasses foliage Allsopp & Hitchcock 1987 Dispar compacta (Butler) larva Hesperiidae Lepidoptera Poa tenera, Poa sp. foliage Braby 2000 Herimosa albovenata (Waterh.) larva Hesperiidae Lepidoptera Austrostipa scabra, A. foliage Braby 2000 semibarbata, ?Austrodanthonia setacea Ocybadistes flavovitta (Latreille) larva Hesperiidae Lepidoptera Poaceae foliage Braby 2000 Ocybadistes walkeri Heron larva Hesperiidae Lepidoptera *Cynodon dactylon, *Ehrharta erecta, *Lolium sp, *Pennisetum clandestinum foliage Braby 2000 Taractrocera papyria (Boisduval) larva Hesperiidae Lepidoptera Austrodanthonia sp., Austrostipa scabra, *Cynodon dactylon, Microlaena stipoides, Poa sp., *Ehrharta spp., *Paspalum dilatatum, *Pennisestum clandestinum foliage Braby 2000 “the most destructive of all grass-eating grubs known to myself” French (1909 p. 103) killed small areas of N. trichotoma (Campbell 1998); “widely distributed in native and sown pastures in Tasmania” (Common 1990) “Grasses are the favoured food” (Allsopp & Hitchcock 1987 p. 76) - larva Noctuidae Lepidoptera Themeda triandra leaves Wainer 1992 larval gut contents in Delma impar faecal pellets, Derrimut, Vic. Agrotis infusa (Boisduval) larva Noctuidae Lepidoptera grasses, *Hordeum vulgare, *Triticum aestivum Common 1990, Gregg 1997 cut through stems;”omnivorous ... all kinds of ... crops, fodder, and grass” (Froggatt 1910) *Hordeum vulgare, *Triticum aestivum Coupar & Coupar 1992 Agrotis munda Walker, larva Noctuidae Lepidoptera grasses, *cereals, *Hordeum Common 1990, cut through stems (Gregg 1997) vulgare, *Zea mays Gregg 1997 Agrotis ypsilon (Hufnagel) larva Noctuidae Lepidoptera *Zea mays. Common 1990, cut through stems Gregg 1997 Bathytricha truncata (Walker) larva Noctuidae Lepidoptera grasses incl. *Oryza sativa, *Zea mays, *Paspalum dilatatum, *Triticum aestivum stems Common 1990 usually grass stem borers Dasygaster padockina (Le Guillou) larva Noctuidae Lepidoptera native and introduced grasses, Common 1990 *cereals, *Triticum aestivum Helicoverpa armigera (Hűbner) larva Noctuidae Lepidoptera *Sorghum, *Zea mays L. heads Common 1990 Helicoverpa punctigera (Walleng.) larva Noctuidae Lepidoptera *Sorghum, *Zea mays L. heads Common 1990 Heliocheilus cramboides Guenée larva Noctuidae Lepidoptera Sorghum intrans seedhead Matthews 1999 Heliocheilus eodora Meyrick larva Noctuidae Lepidoptera Eulalia aurea seedhead Matthews 1999 Heliocheilus pallida Butler larva Noctuidae Lepidoptera Dichanthium tenuiculum seedhead Matthews 1999 173
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Literature review: Impact of Chilea
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Fire 49 Other disturbances 50 Shade
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Conventions and standards Botanical
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neesiana appears to be a habitat ge
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population densities of existing sp
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elated plants have similar defences
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For invasion to occur there must be
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As yet there appears to be no evide
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experimental manipulation of specie
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species tend to be those which tran
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Taxonomy and nomenclature Stipeae N
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Vernacular names ‘Needlegrass’
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to Bouchenak-Khelladi et al. 2009).
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1 m (Walsh 1994), ca. 90 cm (Verloo
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Figure 2. Anatomy of the seed of N.
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are the seeds larger/smaller, longe
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also based on a misunderstanding of
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Table 2. Modified Feekes Scale for
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Argentina, in the provinces of Chac
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Figure 3. Recorded distribution of
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1994). Only 3 of 186 exotic grasses
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According to Morfe et al. (2003) th
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populations have been found in the
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(Honaine et al. 2006). The flechill
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In Australia the altitudinal range
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Proximity to urban development appe
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In the southern Brazilian campos of
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arundinacea (Gardener et al. 2005).
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al. 2008). Cues for masting may be
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Approximately 200 alien grass speci
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Dispersal of seed in contaminated s
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In New Zealand, Hurrell et al. (199
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No emergence was observed in undist
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and high impact (“ability to caus
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also noted that despite a wide rang
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a small reduction in seedhead produ
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Slashing and mowing Slashing can re
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Themeda re-establishment McDougall
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species (Lawton and Schroder 1977 p
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y increased importance of ant grani
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BIODIVERSITY “Biodiversity ... on
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According to Woods (1997 p. 61) “
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2004, Richardson and van Wilgen 200
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negative depending on the particula
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Competition with native plants Comp
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asexual seed production, so local f
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GRASSLANDS Grasses: “... the most
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susceptible to N. neesiana invasion
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Floristic composition, vegetation s
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proportion of the flora then presen
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tussock space (Stuwe and Parsons 19
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Like vascular plant diversity, comm
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Opinions differ on the nature and i
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Species Common Name Family Aust ACT
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in shifting the distribution, exten
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of these systems is largely explain
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pasture. The least understood trans
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tend to benefit more from relaxed c
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Bovids crop their food between the
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are therefore less likely to distur
Page 121 and 122: esult in a “short-term flush” o
Page 123 and 124: Fire effects on weeds Moore (1993 p
Page 125 and 126: Table 8. Typical nutrient levels in
Page 127 and 128: grasses produced sigificantly more
Page 129 and 130: Fossorial vertebrates are or were o
Page 131 and 132: (Rosengren 1999). Approximately one
Page 133 and 134: Table 12. Areal extent and conserva
Page 135 and 136: Foreman (1997) investigated the eff
Page 137 and 138: Willis (1964) considered that the f
Page 139 and 140: Austrostipa-Enneapogon) from around
Page 141 and 142: Woodlands and New England Grassy Wo
Page 143 and 144: Thylogale billardierii), Peramelida
Page 145 and 146: Its original habitat on the mainlan
Page 147 and 148: Table 17. Endangered reptile specie
Page 149 and 150: equirement, but unlike plants and v
Page 151 and 152: e assigned the same biodiversity sc
Page 153 and 154: Nematodes are mostly minute animals
Page 155 and 156: found in all mainland states, O. co
Page 157 and 158: Keyacris scurra, Melbourne (1993) o
Page 159 and 160: was once widespread in south- easte
Page 161 and 162: eing sluggish and wingless, and exi
Page 163 and 164: estoration and, if Australia follow
Page 165 and 166: close to the plant are able to bury
Page 167 and 168: Species *Chirothrips mexicanus Craw
Page 169 and 170: Table A2.1 (continued) Species Life
Page 171: Table A2.1 (continued) Species *Het
Page 175 and 176: Table A2.1 (continued) Species Life
Page 177 and 178: Nematodes of grasses and grasslands
Page 179 and 180: REFERENCES Aceñolaza, F.G. (2004)
Page 181 and 182: Benson, D. and McDougall, L. (2005)
Page 183 and 184: Chan, C.W. (1980) Natural grassland
Page 185 and 186: DNRE (Department of Natural Resourc
Page 187 and 188: Fuhrer, B. (1993) A Field Companion
Page 189 and 190: Groves, R.H. and Whalley, R.D.B. (2
Page 191 and 192: Iaconis, L. (2004) Chilean needle g
Page 193 and 194: Levine, J.M., Adler, P.B. and Yelen
Page 195 and 196: McDougall, K.L. (1987) Sites of Bot
Page 197 and 198: Morfe, T.A., McLaren, D.A. and Weis
Page 199 and 200: Perelman, S.B., León, R.J.C. and O
Page 201 and 202: Saunders, D.A. (1999) Biodiversity
Page 203 and 204: Thellung, A. (1912) La flore advent
Page 205 and 206: Weiss, J. and McLaren, D. (2002) Vi
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