Literature review: Impact of Chilean needle grass ... - Weeds Australia

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(2006) Comment on “Opposing effects of native and exotic herbivores on plant invasions”. Science 313, 298a. Richards, P.J. (2009) Aphaenogaster ants as bioturbators: impacts on soil and slope processes. Earth-Science Reviews 96, 92-106. Richardson, D.M. and van Wilgen, B.W. (2004) Invasive alien plants in South Africa: how well do we understand the ecological impacts? South African Journal of Science 100, 45-52. Ridenour, W.M. and Callaway, R.M. (2001) The relative importance of allelopathy in interference: the effects of an invasive weed on a native bunchgrass. Oecologia 126(3), 444-450. Ridsdill Smith, T.J. (1975) Selection of living grass roots in the soil by larvae of Sericesthis nigrolineata (Coleoptera: Scarabaiedae). Entomolgia Experimentalis et Applicata 18, 75-86. Roberts, R.J., Campbell, A.J., Porter, M.R. and Sawtell, N.L. (1982) The distribution and abundance of pasture scarabs in relation to Eucalyptus trees. In K.E. Lee (Ed.), Proceedings of the 3rd Australasian Conference on Grassland Invertebrate Ecology, Adelaide 30 November – 4 December, pp. 207-213. Roberts, S.E., Andersson, K., Murphy, N., McMaster, C. and Tate, S. (2006) Distribution of phosphorus levels across the Healthy Soils for Healthy Landscape and Benchmarking Soil Chemistry projects areas for cropping and pasture systems. In B. Hackney, K. Bailes, J. Pilz and H. Burns (Eds.), Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference of the Grassland Society of New South Wales Inc., pp. 148-149. Robertson, D. (1985) Interrelationships between kangaroos, fire and vegetation dynamics at Gellibrand Hill Park, Victoria. PhD thesis, Universithy of Melbourne. Robinson, D. (1991) Threatened birds in Victoria: their distributions, ecology and future. Victorian Naturalist 108(3), 67-77. Robinson, G.S. and Nielsen, E.S. (1993) Tineid Genera of Australia (Lepidoptera). Monographs on Australian Lepidoptera Volume 2. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne. Robinson, R. (2003) Natural recruitment of native forbs in the grassy ecosytems of south-eastern Australia. MSc thesis, Victoria University of Technology, St. Albans. Robinson, R. (2005) Direct seeding in weed infested remnant grassland situations using native forbs. Plant Protection Quarterly 20(3), 84-89. Rogers, A.L., Anderson, G.W., Biddiscombe, E.F., Arkell, P., Glencross, R., Nicholas, D.A. and Paterson, J.G. (1979) Perennial Pasture Grasses in South Western Australia. 1. Preliminary Evaluation of Species. Department of Agriculture Western Australia Technical Bulletin No. 45, 15 pp. Rolls, E. (1984) They All Ran Wild. The Animals and Plants that Plague Australia. Revised Ed., Angus and Robertson, Sydney. Rosengren, N. (1999) Geology and geomorphology of Victoria’s grassland regions. In R.N. Jones (Ed.), The Great Plains Crash. Proceedings of a Conference on the Grasslands and Grassy Woodlands of Victoria. Victorian Institute of Technology, October 2nd and 3rd, 1992, Indigenous Flora and Fauna Association and Victorian National Parks Association, pp. 7-10. Rosengurtt, B., Arrillaga de Maffei, B.R. and Izaguirre de Artucio, P. (1970) Gramineas Uruguayas. Universidad de la República, Departamento de Pulbicaciones, Montevideo. Ross, J.H. and Walsh, N.G. (2003) A Census of the Vascular Plants of Victoria. 7th Ed., Royal Botanic Gardens, South Yarra, Victoria.. Rossiter, N.A., Setterfield, S.A., Douglas, M.M. and Hutley, L.B. (2003) Testing the grass-fire cycle: alien grasses invasion in the tropical savannas of northern Australia. Diversity and Distributions 9,169-176. Rossiter, N., Setterfield, S., Douglas, M., Hutley, L. and Cook, G. (2006) The impact of exotic grass invasions on nitrogen cycling: a mini review. In C. Preston, J.H. Watts and N.D. Crossman (Eds.), 15th Australian Weeds Conference Papers and Proceedings. Weed Management Society of South Australia Inc., Adelaide, pp. 815-818. Rout, M.E. and Chrzanowski, T.H. (2009) The invasive Sorghum halepense harbors endophtyic N 2 -fixing bacteria and alters soil biogeochemistry. Plant and Soil 315, 163-172. Rowell, A. and Crawford, I. (1995) Survey of the morabine grasshopper Keyacris scurra (Rehn) in the A.C.T. CSIRO Report to the Wildlife Research Unit, ACT Parks and Conservation Service, June, 63 pp. Rudgers, J.A., Afkhami, M.E., Rua, M.A., Davitt, A.J., Hammer, S. and Huguet, V.M. (2009) A fungus among us: broad patterns of endophyte distribution in the grasses. Ecology 90(6), 1531-1539. Ruprecht, E., Donath, T.W., Otte, A. and Lutz Eckstein, R. (2008) Chemical effects of a dominant grass on seed germination of four familial pairs of dry grassland species. Seed Science Research 18, 239-248. Saba, S.L. and Toyos, A. (2003) Seed removal by birds, rodents and ants in the Austral portion of the Monte Desert, Argentina. 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Saunders, D.A. (1999) Biodiversity does matter. In T. Barlow and R. Thorburn (Eds.), Balancing Conservation and Production in Grassy Landscapes. Proceedings of the Bushcare Grassy Landscapes Conference, Clare, South Australia, 19-21 August 1999. Environment Australia, Canberra, pp. 14-18. Scarlett, N.H. (1994) Soil crusts, germination and weeds – issues to consider. Victorian Naturalist 111(4), 125-130. Scarlett, N., Brawell, M. and Earl, G. (2003) Austral Toad Flax Thesium australe. Flora and Fauna Guarantee Action Statement No. 56, Department of Sustainability and Environment, East Melbourne, 5 pp. Scarlett, N.H. and Parsons, R.F. (1993) Rare or threatened plants in Victoria. In D.B. Foreman and N.G. Walsh (Eds.), Flora of Victoria Volume 1. Introduction, Inkata Press, Melbourne, Ch.10, pp. 227-255. Scarlett, N.H., Wallbrink, S.J. and McDougall, K. (1992) Field Guide to Victoria’s Native Grasslands. Native Plants of Victorian Lowland Plains. 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Sheehan, M. (2008) Chilean Needle Grass has shot ... in Balranald! Posting to cngnetwork@lists.weeds.org.au, 23 September. Sheley, R.L. and Rinella, M.J. (2001) Incorporating biological control into ecologically based weed management. In E. Wajnberg, J.K. Scott and P.C. Quimby (Eds.), Evaluating Indirect Effects of Biological Control. CAB International, Wallingford,UK, pp. 211-228. Shepherd, R.C.H., Richardson, R.G. and Richardson, F.J. (2001) Plants of Importance to Australia. A Checklist. R.G. and F.J.Richardson, Meredith, Victoria. Shigesada, N. and Kawasaki, K. (1997) Biological Invasions: Theory and Practice. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. Short, J. and Smith, A. (1994) Mammal decline and recovery in Australia. Journal of Mammalogy 75(2), 288-297. Short, J. and Turner, B. (1994) A test of the vegetation mosaic hypothesis:a hypothesis to explain the decline and extinction of Australian mammals. Conservation Biology 8(2), 439-449. Siddiqi, M.R. (1986) Tylenchida. 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Literature review: Impact of Chilea
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Fire 49 Other disturbances 50 Shade
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Conventions and standards Botanical
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neesiana appears to be a habitat ge
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population densities of existing sp
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elated plants have similar defences
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For invasion to occur there must be
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As yet there appears to be no evide
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experimental manipulation of specie
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species tend to be those which tran
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Taxonomy and nomenclature Stipeae N
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Vernacular names ‘Needlegrass’
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to Bouchenak-Khelladi et al. 2009).
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1 m (Walsh 1994), ca. 90 cm (Verloo
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Figure 2. Anatomy of the seed of N.
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are the seeds larger/smaller, longe
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also based on a misunderstanding of
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Table 2. Modified Feekes Scale for
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Argentina, in the provinces of Chac
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Figure 3. Recorded distribution of
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1994). Only 3 of 186 exotic grasses
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According to Morfe et al. (2003) th
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populations have been found in the
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(Honaine et al. 2006). The flechill
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In Australia the altitudinal range
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Proximity to urban development appe
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In the southern Brazilian campos of
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arundinacea (Gardener et al. 2005).
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al. 2008). Cues for masting may be
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Approximately 200 alien grass speci
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Dispersal of seed in contaminated s
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In New Zealand, Hurrell et al. (199
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No emergence was observed in undist
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and high impact (“ability to caus
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also noted that despite a wide rang
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a small reduction in seedhead produ
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Slashing and mowing Slashing can re
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Themeda re-establishment McDougall
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species (Lawton and Schroder 1977 p
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y increased importance of ant grani
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BIODIVERSITY “Biodiversity ... on
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According to Woods (1997 p. 61) “
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2004, Richardson and van Wilgen 200
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negative depending on the particula
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Competition with native plants Comp
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asexual seed production, so local f
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GRASSLANDS Grasses: “... the most
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susceptible to N. neesiana invasion
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Floristic composition, vegetation s
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proportion of the flora then presen
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tussock space (Stuwe and Parsons 19
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Like vascular plant diversity, comm
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Opinions differ on the nature and i
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Species Common Name Family Aust ACT
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in shifting the distribution, exten
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of these systems is largely explain
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pasture. The least understood trans
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tend to benefit more from relaxed c
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Bovids crop their food between the
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are therefore less likely to distur
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esult in a “short-term flush” o
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Fire effects on weeds Moore (1993 p
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Table 8. Typical nutrient levels in
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grasses produced sigificantly more
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Fossorial vertebrates are or were o
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(Rosengren 1999). Approximately one
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Table 12. Areal extent and conserva
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Foreman (1997) investigated the eff
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Willis (1964) considered that the f
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Austrostipa-Enneapogon) from around
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Woodlands and New England Grassy Wo
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Thylogale billardierii), Peramelida
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Its original habitat on the mainlan
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Table 17. Endangered reptile specie
Page 149 and 150: equirement, but unlike plants and v
Page 151 and 152: e assigned the same biodiversity sc
Page 153 and 154: Nematodes are mostly minute animals
Page 155 and 156: found in all mainland states, O. co
Page 157 and 158: Keyacris scurra, Melbourne (1993) o
Page 159 and 160: was once widespread in south- easte
Page 161 and 162: eing sluggish and wingless, and exi
Page 163 and 164: estoration and, if Australia follow
Page 165 and 166: close to the plant are able to bury
Page 167 and 168: Species *Chirothrips mexicanus Craw
Page 169 and 170: Table A2.1 (continued) Species Life
Page 171 and 172: Table A2.1 (continued) Species *Het
Page 177 and 178: Nematodes of grasses and grasslands
Page 179 and 180: REFERENCES Aceñolaza, F.G. (2004)
Page 181 and 182: Benson, D. and McDougall, L. (2005)
Page 183 and 184: Chan, C.W. (1980) Natural grassland
Page 185 and 186: DNRE (Department of Natural Resourc
Page 187 and 188: Fuhrer, B. (1993) A Field Companion
Page 189 and 190: Groves, R.H. and Whalley, R.D.B. (2
Page 191 and 192: Iaconis, L. (2004) Chilean needle g
Page 193 and 194: Levine, J.M., Adler, P.B. and Yelen
Page 195 and 196: McDougall, K.L. (1987) Sites of Bot
Page 197 and 198: Morfe, T.A., McLaren, D.A. and Weis
Page 199: Perelman, S.B., León, R.J.C. and O
Page 203 and 204: Thellung, A. (1912) La flore advent
Page 205 and 206: Weiss, J. and McLaren, D. (2002) Vi
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