climate change on UAE - Stockholm Environment Institute-US Center

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Figure ‎2‐2. Regional divisions used with indications of irrigated areas, and Eastern domestic well fields. 82 Climate Change Impacts, Vulnerability & Adaptation
Total installed capacity equals 648 million gallons per day (MGD) and 16.45 MGD in remote plants, for a combined capacity of 746 Mm³/yr, 35% of which is currently unutilized (ADEA, 2002). Al Ain City relies on this inter-emirate transfer because much of its desalinated water is imported from the Qidfa plant for domestic, agriculture and forestry usage (Brooks et al., 2005). Western domestic demands are entirely met with desalination. By 2003, 1.2 million people produced 140.8 Mm³ of treated wastewater from 23 operating plants, equaling 4% of the total water consumed that year. Utilization of the treated effluent is largely used for irrigation of parks, gardens and recreation facilities, and to a much smaller degree, irrigation of fodder crops. Notably, the main Al Ain city plant and the Mafraq plant, with an installed capacity of 260,000 m³/d (or equivalent of ~725,000 persons), treat 65 % of the total population’s wastewater. Previously, all of Al Ain city’s domestic water requirements were met from these domestic wellfields, however, massive increases in domestic demands have placed increasing stress and resulted in declining water levels, increasing in groundwater salinity, and decreasing in total production (Brooks et al., 2005). In 2003, the total domestic eastern well-field production is only 26 Mm³/yr, meeting only 17% of the total domestic requirements in the eastern region. The balance of domestic demand in the eastern region and the full requirements for the western region as well, are now met by desalinated water. Groundwater levels in Al Ain are actually increasing due to the artificial recharge of groundwater from treated sewage effluent (TSE) and desalinated irrigation water widely used to keep the garden city of Al Ain green (Brooks et al., 2005). Treated wastewater (effluent) [TSE] is a nonconventional or non-traditional water source growing in importance in the Emirate. As urban populations and industrial consumption expands, so do the waste volumes and the amount available for re-use. Abu Dhabi has one of the best records for collecting, treating and re-using wastewater and all wastewater which is produced in Abu Dhabi City and its environs is collected, treated and re-used (Brooks et al., 2005). The use of TSE in irrigation could have positive effect on groundwater recharge, particularly in areas suffering from overdraft. The Western Region population is sparse with 116,177 in 2001, just 10% of the entire Abu Dhabi Emirate population. The major mainland settlements are Ruwais, Madinat Zayed, Al Mirfa, Ghayathi and Liwa and the main Island settlements are Dalma, Das and Zakum. Island populations include permanent settlements associated with offshore oil & gas installations e.g. oil rigs etc. Municipal consumption is met from groundwater abstraction, from treated sewage effluent (TSE) and from desalination. This discussion is continued in relation to the water balance model. Impacts, Vulnerability & Adaptation for Water Resources in Abu Dhabi Groundwater Level Change at Hili, Al Ain 3000BC to present Groundwater decline (m) Years before present Figure ‎2‐3. Changes in groundwater levels at Al Ain over the last 4,500 years. 83
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Acknowledgements The authors are de
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Foreword There are many levels at w
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Table of Contents (Part 2) Water Re
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9.2. Types of ecosystem models ....
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APF AML CARA CO 2 CReSIS CSI DEM EG
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Table ‎1‐1. Climate Change and
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2. Sea-level Rise Impacts on Coasta
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differences in observed sea levels
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Sea Level Change (mm) 20 15 10 5 0
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Impacts, Vulnerability & Adaptation
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Gulf is that the shallower depth al
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ago when sea level was a few meters
Page 31 and 32: Scientists have every reason to bel
Page 33 and 34: amongst others. Sea level rise may
Page 35 and 36: Figure ‎4‐2. Data displaying ar
Page 37 and 38: Impacts, Vulnerability & Adaptation
Page 39 and 40: processed SRTM topographic dataset
Page 41 and 42: water height of each tidal day obse
Page 43 and 44: Table ‎4‐3. UAE Coastal Cities.
Page 45 and 46: Figure ‎4-10: 1 meters above mean
Page 47 and 48: Figure ‎4-12: 3 meters above mean
Page 49 and 50: as well as parts of the Industrial
Page 51 and 52: up to help to assess technology nee
Page 53 and 54: framework that has relevance to the
Page 55 and 56: to be estimated reliably and hence
Page 57 and 58: 6. Conclusions and recommendations
Page 59 and 60: 7. List of References ADEA (2006)
Page 61 and 62: Assessment Report of the Intergover
Page 63 and 64: 8. Glossary Adaptation: Adjustment
Page 65 and 66: To calculate areas inundated by lan
Page 67 and 68: Annex 1: Elevation Data Sensitivity
Page 69 and 70: Annex 2: Inundation maps 3. Urban V
Page 71 and 72: Figure A2-3 3 meters sea level rise
Page 73: Figure A2-6 1,3,9 meters sea level
Page 77 and 78: Page Figure 4‐6. WEAP estimates o
Page 79 and 80: in storage occurs in the Liwa lens
Page 81: Figure‎ 2‐1. Percentage of tota
Page 85 and 86: Without demand management strategie
Page 89 and 90: Figure 3-1 Global average temperatu
Page 91 and 92: The CO 2 storylines include both
Page 93 and 94: of topography on the region’s pre
Page 97 and 98: Temperature Change (degrees C) Temp
Page 99 and 100: neglected infrastructure, regional
Page 101 and 102: and magnitude of the ENSO (Haines e
Page 103 and 104: Table ‎4‐1. Irrigated Hectares
Page 105 and 106: including estimates of population a
Page 107 and 108: 4.4. Representing Irrigation Demand
Page 109 and 110: Table 4-5. Comparison of Historical
Page 111 and 112: 4.6. Scenarios and Key Assumptions
Page 113 and 114: Avg. Monthly Air Temperature - MOR
Page 115 and 116: Table ‎4‐8. Summary of scenario
Page 117 and 118: 5. Results and Discussion The <stro
Page 119 and 120: total water demand estimate at abou
Page 121 and 122: for the Optimistic and Pessimistic
Page 123 and 124: eport of the IPCC holds out hope th
Page 125 and 126: Table 6-1. Adaptation options for w
Page 127 and 128: CIA, (1990), Middle East Area Oil a
Page 129 and 130: Figure A1‐2. Map of Abu Dhabi key
Page 131 and 132: Data Sources And Assumptions We rel
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Table A1-3. continued Liwa- Hammim
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Table A2-1. Summary of 36 emission
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139
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List of Tables Page Table 3-1: Majo
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2. Potential risks to dryland ecosy
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4. Major terrestrial ecosystems in
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Peninsula in the north to close to
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5. Important flora in Abu Dhabi Abu
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over a one third of the known speci
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6. Fauna of the terrestrial ecosyst
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include the urban development and i
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(Arnell, 1999; Milly et al., 2005).
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camels and other large herbivores i
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8. Biodiversity, ecosystem threshol
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Alternatively, established shrublan
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e functionally deficient. We projec
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Adaptation can be planned or it can
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is based on a theoretical understan
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species to adapt to a changing <str
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that remediation steps begin soon t
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10 References Adler, PB, DA Raff, W
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Nordad, (2007), Climate Change Fact
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Annex 2: Expected effects of global
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Annex 4: Main drivers of ecosystem
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Sn Species Scientific name Family S
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Sn Species Scientific name Family S
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Name of species/sub-species Habitat
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Annex 8: Native species list of ter
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The cover picture represents a Brid
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