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Figure 3 Tentative visual synthesis of use and non-use value with the RAND Model
Instrumental benefits
Private
benefits
Public
benefits
Intrinsic benefits
Existence values
Direct use values
Bequest values
(Armbrecht, 132). Reprinted with permission from the author.
Indirect use values
Option values
Brown and Novak-Leonard
The work of Alan Brown also builds upon
McCarthy et al’s study. In his 2006 essay ‘An
Architecture of Value’, Brown modifies the RAND
corporations’ framework by moving the axes to the
sides of the chart and replacing the intrinsic-instrumental
continuum along the vertical axis with a
measure of time (Figure 4).
Alan S Brown, 2006, ‘An Architecture of Value’,
in Grantmakers in the Arts Reader 17.1, 18-25.
A S Brown and J L Novak-Leonard, 2007,
Assessing the Intrinsic Impacts of a Live
Performance, commissioned by 14 major university
presenters.
Whereas McCarthy et al sought to emphasise
the fact that benefits arise in all quadrants of the
diagram, Brown’s reconfiguration is designed to place particular emphasis on the
bottom left corner (where the arts experience is located), from whence all other
benefits are thought to radiate outwards (2006, 25 note 7).
In developing his model, Brown consciously sets out to ‘develop new language
that will be useful and intuitive’ in articulating the benefits of the arts (2006, 18).
He therefore avoids use of ‘private benefits’, ‘private goods with public spillovers’
and ‘public benefits’ and replaces them with the terms ‘individual’ (referring to
the person experiencing the art), ‘interpersonal’ (referring to small groups such as
families or groups of friends) and ‘community’ (referring to the local residents or
society at large).
Framing the Conversation 47
UNDERSTANDING the value and impacts of cultural experiences