Import risk analysis: Llamas (Lama glama) and alpacas (Vicugna ...

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27.3. RISK MANAGEMENT 27.3.1. Options The following points were considered when drafting options for the effective management of M. haemolamae: � The organism is a commonly transmitted chronic infection of camelids and the only risk management measure that has applied to date is absence of diagnosis on the premises over the previous 3 months. � Infection results in few cases of serious disease. � Long-term carriers occur. Therefore quarantine will not be effective to prevent entry of the disease. � There are no vaccines for the disease. � Treatment with tetracyclines is helpful in clinical cases but is unlikely to result in elimination of the organism from carriers. � There is no Code chapter relating to Mycoplasma haemolamae. One or a combination of the following measures could be considered in order to effectively manage the risks. � Since the organism causes a minor disease and is likely to be present in New Zealand already, camelids could be imported provided they meet the commodity definition and are free from ectoparasites. N.B. This recognises that a large number of camelids have been imported in the past with no measures in place to detect subclinical infections. � Camelids could be certified as not having resided in the past 3 months on any property where M. haemolamae has been diagnosed. N.B. This measure reflects the current requirement for alpacas and llamas imported from the USA. � Animals to be imported could be kept free from external parasites for 30 days before shipment and tested by microscopic examination of a blood smear within 10 days of shipment with negative results. N.B. This screening method lacks sensitivity because mycoplasmas quickly detach from erythrocytes once blood is taken and bacteraemia is generally low and intermittent. � Animals to be imported could be maintained free from external parasites for the 30 days before shipment and tested using a PCR test within 10 days of shipment, with negative results. 102 ● Import risk analysis: Llamas and alpacas from specified countries MAF Biosecurity New Zealand
References References marked * were sighted as abstracts in electronic data-bases. Almy FS, Ladd SM, Sponenberg DP, Crisman MV, Messick JB (2006). Mycoplasma haemolamae infection in a 4-day-old cria: support for in utero transmission by use of a polymerase chain reaction assay. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 47(3), 229-33. Johnson LW (1989). Eperythrozoonosis (EPE) in llamas: a new disease, Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the United States Animal Health Association, pp. 240.* Johnson LW, Smith AR, McFarlane B, Garry F, Weiser G, Ellis R, Schultheiss P, Frye B, Jorgenson D (1991). Experimental eperythrozoonosis in llamas, Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the United States Animal Health Association, pp. 135-7.* McLaughlin BG, Evans CN, Mclaughlin PS, Johson LW, Smith AR, Zachary JF (1991). An Eperythrozoon-like parasite in llamas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 197(9), 1170-5. Mclaughlin BG, Mclaughlin PS, Evans CN (1991). An Erythrozoon-like parasite of llamas: attempted transmission to swine, sheep and cats. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 3(4), 352. Messick JB (2004). Haemotrophic mycoplasmas (Hemoplasmas): a review and new insights into pathogenic potential. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 33(1), 2-13. Messick JB, Walker P, Raphael W, Berent L, Shi. X (2002). 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemolamae' sp. nov., 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemocanis' sp. nov and 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemolamae' comb.. nov., haemotrophic parasites from a naturally infected opossum (Didelphis virginiana), alpaca (Lama pacos) and dog (Canis familiaris): Phylogenetic and secondary structural relatedness of their 16S rDNA genes to other mycoplasmas. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 52(3), 693-8.* Thompson J (1998). Blood parasites of animals in New Zealand. Surveillance, 25(1), 6-8. Tornquist SJ, Boeder LJ, Parker JE, Cebra C, K., Messick JB (2002). Use of a polymerase chain reaction assay to study the carrier state in infection with camelid Mycoplasma haemolamae, formerly Eperythrozoon spp. infecting camelids. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 31, 153-4.* MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Import risk analysis: Llamas and alpacas from specified countries ● 103
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Import risk analysis: Llamas (Lama
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MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Pastora
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CONTENTS Executive Summary 1 1. Int
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Acronyms CDC United States Centers
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Executive Summary This risk analysi
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1. Introduction The importation of
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Figure 1. The risk analysis process
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Following public consultation on th
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Disease agent Foot and mouth diseas
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Disease agent PROTOZOA Eimeria alpa
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Bacteria, rickettsias and spirochae
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McKenna PB (2009). An updated check
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6. African horse sickness virus 6.1
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7. Bluetongue virus 7.1. HAZARD IDE
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8. Borna virus 8.1. HAZARD IDENTIFI
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8.2.2. Risk estimation Since entry
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It has been suggested that as many
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Therefore, since the the consequenc
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Givens MD, Heath AM, Brock KV, Brod
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10. Bovine herpesvirus type 1 10.1.
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10.2.2. Exposure assessment Importe
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Bartha A, Haidu G, Aldassy P, Paczo
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11. Epizootic haemorrhagic disease
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12. Eastern equine encephalitis vir
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13. Equine herpesvirus type 1 13.1.
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13.2.2. Exposure assessment Assumin
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Davison AJ, Erberle R, Hayward GS,
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1993). According to Fowler (1992),
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Veterinary Authorities should requi
Page 59 and 60: 15. Louping-ill virus 15.1. HAZARD
Page 61 and 62: 16. Rabies virus 16.1. HAZARD IDENT
Page 63 and 64: � Rabies is a serious zoonotic di
Page 65 and 66: 17. Vesicular stomatitis virus 17.1
Page 67 and 68: incubation period of the disease. T
Page 69 and 70: quarantined with protection from in
Page 71 and 72: Pharo HJ (1999). Vesicular stomatit
Page 73 and 74: 18.1.5. Hazard identification concl
Page 75 and 76: necessarily be competent vectors, a
Page 77 and 78: 20. Bacillus anthracis 20.1. HAZARD
Page 79 and 80: 20.3. RISK MANAGEMENT 20.3.1. Optio
Page 81 and 82: 21. Brucella spp. 21.1. HAZARD IDEN
Page 83 and 84: 21.2.4. Risk estimation Since entry
Page 85 and 86: Gilsdorf MJ, Thoen CO, Temple RM, G
Page 87 and 88: References References marked * were
Page 89 and 90: Serological tests include the compl
Page 91 and 92: with negative results using the com
Page 93 and 94: 24. Coxiella burnetii 24.1. HAZARD
Page 95 and 96: � Although quarantine is not suit
Page 97 and 98: 25. Leptospira serovars 25.1. HAZAR
Page 99 and 100: immune response is a low titre that
Page 101 and 102: Retention of this empty Chapter, wi
Page 103 and 104: 26. Mycobacterium bovis 26.1. HAZAR
Page 105 and 106: 26.3. RISK MANAGEMENT 26.3.1. Optio
Page 107 and 108: References References marked * were
Page 109: without any measures for detecting
Page 113 and 114: Animals become septicaemic a few ho
Page 115 and 116: 29. Salmonella spp. 29.1. HAZARD ID
Page 117 and 118: animals and sporadic cases of salmo
Page 119 and 120: Hansen KR, Nielsen LR, Lind P (2006
Page 121 and 122: Camelidae diseases, or as transmitt
Page 123 and 124: 32. Trypanosoma spp. 32.1. HAZARD I
Page 125 and 126: T. evansi and T. vivax occur in Sou
Page 127 and 128: 5. Animals to be imported could be
Page 129 and 130: (Kittelberger et al 2002) and is th
Page 131 and 132: � The role of an IHS is to specif
Page 133 and 134: 34. Internal parasites 34.1. HAZARD
Page 135 and 136: 34.1.4.2. Trematodes The following
Page 137 and 138: 34.2.4. Risk estimation Since entry
Page 139 and 140: 35. Mites, lice and fleas 35.1. HAZ
Page 141 and 142: 35.2. RISK ASSESSMENT 35.2.1. Entry
Page 143 and 144: N.B. This measure reflects the curr
Page 145 and 146: Hard ticks (Ixodidae) have a lifecy
Page 147 and 148: 1. Camelids could be treated with p
Page 149 and 150: the Eastern Cape and North-West Pro
Page 151 and 152: The larvae reach maturity about 4-8
Page 153 and 154: exploration, debriding and flushing
Page 155 and 156: a. all animals have been re-examine
Page 157 and 158: 38. Weeds and seeds 38.1. HAZARD ID
Page 159 and 160: edding materials include wood shavi
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