Import risk analysis: Llamas (Lama glama) and alpacas (Vicugna ...

� The Code does not discuss strains of equine herpes viruses and considers them only
under the clinical syndrome ‘equine rhinopneumonitis’. The Code makes
recommendations for the safe trade in equids, but not camelids.
� The Code recommends that equids should comply with the following:
Article 12.9.2.
Recommendations for the importation of equines
Veterinary Authorities of importing countries should require the presentation of an international
veterinary certificate attesting that the animals:
1.showed no clinical sign of equine herpes virus type 1 infection (abortigenic and paralytic forms) on
the day of shipment and during the 21 days prior to shipment;
2.were kept for the 21 days prior to shipment in an establishment where no case of equine herpes
virus type 1 infection (abortigenic and paralytic forms), was reported during that period.
One or a combination of the following options could be considered in order to effectively
manage the risks.
1. Camelids could be imported without measures for EHV-1.
N.B: This recognises that camelids appear to be rarely affected by EHV-1 and are not
implicated in the international spread of the virus.
2. Camelids could be imported provided they comply with the Code recommendations
for equine rhinopneumonitis.
N.B. This implies that, although there are no international standards that are directly
applicable to camelids, it is reasonable to apply the Code chapter on equine
rhinopneumonitis since they are a susceptible species.
3. Camelids could be subjected to a virus neutralisation test during PEQ with negative
results.
References
References marked * were sighted as abstracts in electronic data bases
Allen GP (2007). Development of a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for rapid diagnosis of
neuropathogenic strains of equine herpes virus-1. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 19, 69-72.
Allen GP (2008). Risk factors for development of neurologic disease after experimental exposure to equine
herpesvirus-1 in horses. American Journal of Veterinary Research 69(12), 1595-1600.
Allen GP, Bolin DC, Bryant U, Carter CN, Giles RC, Harrison LR, Hong CB, Jackson CB, Poonacha K,
Wharton R, Willimas NM (2008). Prevalence of latent, neuropathogenic equine herpesvirus-1 in the
thoroughbred broodmare population of central Kentucky. Equine Veterinary Journal 40(2), 105-110.
Allen GP, Kydd JH, Slater JD, Smith KC (2004). Equid herpesvirus 1 and equid herpresvirus 4 infections. In:
Coetzer JAW, Tustin RC, (eds). Infectious Diseases of livestock, Oxford University Press, Cape Town. Pp.829-
859.
44 ● Import risk analysis: Llamas and alpacas from specified countries MAF Biosecurity New Zealand