Import risk analysis: Llamas (Lama glama) and alpacas (Vicugna ...

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� The Code does not discuss strains of equine herpes viruses and considers them only under the clinical syndrome ‘equine rhinopneumonitis’. The Code makes recommendations for the safe trade in equids, but not camelids. � The Code recommends that equids should comply with the following: Article 12.9.2. Recommendations for the importation of equines Veterinary Authorities of importing countries should require the presentation of an international veterinary certificate attesting that the animals: 1.showed no clinical sign of equine herpes virus type 1 infection (abortigenic and paralytic forms) on the day of shipment and during the 21 days prior to shipment; 2.were kept for the 21 days prior to shipment in an establishment where no case of equine herpes virus type 1 infection (abortigenic and paralytic forms), was reported during that period. One or a combination of the following options could be considered in order to effectively manage the risks. 1. Camelids could be imported without measures for EHV-1. N.B: This recognises that camelids appear to be rarely affected by EHV-1 and are not implicated in the international spread of the virus. 2. Camelids could be imported provided they comply with the Code recommendations for equine rhinopneumonitis. N.B. This implies that, although there are no international standards that are directly applicable to camelids, it is reasonable to apply the Code chapter on equine rhinopneumonitis since they are a susceptible species. 3. Camelids could be subjected to a virus neutralisation test during PEQ with negative results. References References marked * were sighted as abstracts in electronic data bases Allen GP (2007). Development of a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for rapid diagnosis of neuropathogenic strains of equine herpes virus-1. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 19, 69-72. Allen GP (2008). Risk factors for development of neurologic disease after experimental exposure to equine herpesvirus-1 in horses. American Journal of Veterinary Research 69(12), 1595-1600. Allen GP, Bolin DC, Bryant U, Carter CN, Giles RC, Harrison LR, Hong CB, Jackson CB, Poonacha K, Wharton R, Willimas NM (2008). Prevalence of latent, neuropathogenic equine herpesvirus-1 in the thoroughbred broodmare population of central Kentucky. Equine Veterinary Journal 40(2), 105-110. Allen GP, Kydd JH, Slater JD, Smith KC (2004). Equid herpesvirus 1 and equid herpresvirus 4 infections. In: Coetzer JAW, Tustin RC, (eds). Infectious Diseases of livestock, Oxford University Press, Cape Town. Pp.829- 859. 44 ● Import risk analysis: Llamas and alpacas from specified countries MAF Biosecurity New Zealand
Davison AJ, Erberle R, Hayward GS, McGeogh DJ, Minson AC, Pellett PE, Roizman B, Studdert MJ, Thiry E (2005). Family Herpesvirinae. In: Fauquet CM, Mayo MA, Maniloff J, Desselberger U, Ball LA, (eds), Eighth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, Pp. 193-212, Elsevier Academic Press, Amsterdam. Goodman LB, Loregian A, Perkins GA, Nugent J, Buckles EL, Mercorelli B, Kydd JH, Palu G, Smith KC, Osterrieder N, Davis-Poynter N (2007). A point mutation in a herpesvirus polymerase determines pathogenicity. PLoS Pathogens 3(11): e160. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2065875/?tool=pubmed House JA, Gregg DA, Lubroth J, Dubovi EJ, Torres A (1991). Experimental equine herpesvirus-1 infection in llamas (llama glama). Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 3:137-143. MAF (2000). Import risk analysis: horses and horse semen. http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/files/regs/imports/risk/horse-ra.pdf, downloaded 11/1/2009. Nugent J, Birch-Machin I, Smith KC, Mumford JA, Swann Z, Newton JR, Bowden RJ, Allen GP, Davis- Poynter N (2006). Analysis of equid herpesvirus 1 strain variation reveals a point mutation of the DNA polymerase strongly associated with neuropathogenic versus nonneuropathogenic disease outbreaks. Journal of Virology 80(8), 4047-4060. Neubauer A, Einem J von, Eichhorn W, Osterrieder N (2004). Comparison of restriction enzyme patterns of recent equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) isolates. Tierartzliche Umschau 59(9), 488-492 * Perkins G (2009). Therapy and prevention of equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) induced disease. Zweig "Currently Funded Projects", http://www.vet.cornell.edu/PUBLIC/Research/Zweig/Perkins09.html Radostits OM, Gay CC, Hinchcliff KW, Constable PD (eds) (2007). Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) infections. In: Veterinary Medicine. 10 th Edition. Elsevier. Pp 1309. Rebhun WC, Jenkins DH, Riis RC, Dill SG, Dubovi EJ, Torres A (1988). An epizootic of blindness and encephalitis associated with a herpesvirus indistinguishable from equine herpesvirus 1 in a herd of alpacas and llamas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 192 (7): 953-6. Smith KL, Allen GP, Branscum A J, Cook FR, Vickers ML, Timoney PJ, Balasuriya UBR (2010). The increased prevalence of neuropathogenic strains of EHV-1 in equine abortions. Veterinary Microbiology 141(1-2): 5-11. MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Import risk analysis: Llamas and alpacas from specified countries ● 45
Page 1 and 2: Import risk analysis: Llamas (Lama
Page 3 and 4: MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Pastora
Page 5 and 6: CONTENTS Executive Summary 1 1. Int
Page 7 and 8: Acronyms CDC United States Centers
Page 9 and 10: Executive Summary This risk analysi
Page 11 and 12: 1. Introduction The importation of
Page 13 and 14: Figure 1. The risk analysis process
Page 15 and 16: Following public consultation on th
Page 17 and 18: Disease agent Foot and mouth diseas
Page 19 and 20: Disease agent PROTOZOA Eimeria alpa
Page 21 and 22: Bacteria, rickettsias and spirochae
Page 23 and 24: McKenna PB (2009). An updated check
Page 25 and 26: 6. African horse sickness virus 6.1
Page 27 and 28: 7. Bluetongue virus 7.1. HAZARD IDE
Page 29 and 30: 8. Borna virus 8.1. HAZARD IDENTIFI
Page 31 and 32: 8.2.2. Risk estimation Since entry
Page 33 and 34: It has been suggested that as many
Page 35 and 36: Therefore, since the the consequenc
Page 37 and 38: Givens MD, Heath AM, Brock KV, Brod
Page 39 and 40: 10. Bovine herpesvirus type 1 10.1.
Page 41 and 42: 10.2.2. Exposure assessment Importe
Page 43 and 44: Bartha A, Haidu G, Aldassy P, Paczo
Page 45 and 46: 11. Epizootic haemorrhagic disease
Page 47 and 48: 12. Eastern equine encephalitis vir
Page 49 and 50: 13. Equine herpesvirus type 1 13.1.
Page 51: 13.2.2. Exposure assessment Assumin
Page 55 and 56: 1993). According to Fowler (1992),
Page 57 and 58: Veterinary Authorities should requi
Page 59 and 60: 15. Louping-ill virus 15.1. HAZARD
Page 61 and 62: 16. Rabies virus 16.1. HAZARD IDENT
Page 63 and 64: � Rabies is a serious zoonotic di
Page 65 and 66: 17. Vesicular stomatitis virus 17.1
Page 67 and 68: incubation period of the disease. T
Page 69 and 70: quarantined with protection from in
Page 71 and 72: Pharo HJ (1999). Vesicular stomatit
Page 73 and 74: 18.1.5. Hazard identification concl
Page 75 and 76: necessarily be competent vectors, a
Page 77 and 78: 20. Bacillus anthracis 20.1. HAZARD
Page 79 and 80: 20.3. RISK MANAGEMENT 20.3.1. Optio
Page 81 and 82: 21. Brucella spp. 21.1. HAZARD IDEN
Page 83 and 84: 21.2.4. Risk estimation Since entry
Page 85 and 86: Gilsdorf MJ, Thoen CO, Temple RM, G
Page 87 and 88: References References marked * were
Page 89 and 90: Serological tests include the compl
Page 91 and 92: with negative results using the com
Page 93 and 94: 24. Coxiella burnetii 24.1. HAZARD
Page 95 and 96: � Although quarantine is not suit
Page 97 and 98: 25. Leptospira serovars 25.1. HAZAR
Page 99 and 100: immune response is a low titre that
Page 101 and 102: Retention of this empty Chapter, wi
Page 103 and 104:
26. Mycobacterium bovis 26.1. HAZAR
Page 105 and 106:
26.3. RISK MANAGEMENT 26.3.1. Optio
Page 107 and 108:
References References marked * were
Page 109 and 110:
without any measures for detecting
Page 111 and 112:
References References marked * were
Page 113 and 114:
Animals become septicaemic a few ho
Page 115 and 116:
29. Salmonella spp. 29.1. HAZARD ID
Page 117 and 118:
animals and sporadic cases of salmo
Page 119 and 120:
Hansen KR, Nielsen LR, Lind P (2006
Page 121 and 122:
Camelidae diseases, or as transmitt
Page 123 and 124:
32. Trypanosoma spp. 32.1. HAZARD I
Page 125 and 126:
T. evansi and T. vivax occur in Sou
Page 127 and 128:
5. Animals to be imported could be
Page 129 and 130:
(Kittelberger et al 2002) and is th
Page 131 and 132:
� The role of an IHS is to specif
Page 133 and 134:
34. Internal parasites 34.1. HAZARD
Page 135 and 136:
34.1.4.2. Trematodes The following
Page 137 and 138:
34.2.4. Risk estimation Since entry
Page 139 and 140:
35. Mites, lice and fleas 35.1. HAZ
Page 141 and 142:
35.2. RISK ASSESSMENT 35.2.1. Entry
Page 143 and 144:
N.B. This measure reflects the curr
Page 145 and 146:
Hard ticks (Ixodidae) have a lifecy
Page 147 and 148:
1. Camelids could be treated with p
Page 149 and 150:
the Eastern Cape and North-West Pro
Page 151 and 152:
The larvae reach maturity about 4-8
Page 153 and 154:
exploration, debriding and flushing
Page 155 and 156:
a. all animals have been re-examine
Page 157 and 158:
38. Weeds and seeds 38.1. HAZARD ID
Page 159 and 160:
edding materials include wood shavi
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