Import risk analysis: Llamas (Lama glama) and alpacas (Vicugna ...

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Article 14.1.5. (Sheep and goats) Recommendations for the importation of sheep and goats for breeding or rearing (except castrated males) destined for flocks officially free from caprine and ovine brucellosis Veterinary Authorities of importing countries should require the presentation of an international veterinary certificate attesting that the animals: 1.showed no clinical sign of caprine and ovine brucellosis on the day of shipment; 2.come from a sheep or goat flock officially free from caprine and ovine brucellosis; OR 3.come from a sheep or goat flock free from caprine and ovine brucellosis; and 4.have not been vaccinated against brucellosis, or, if vaccinated, that the last vaccination was performed at least 2 years previously; and 5.were isolated in the establishment of origin, and were subjected during that period to a diagnostic test for caprine and ovine brucellosis with negative results on two occasions, at an interval of not less than 6 weeks. One or a combination of the following measures could be considered in order to effectively manage the risks. 1. Animals could be imported with no restrictions since brucellosis is rare in camelids. 2. During PEI (at least 30 days) camelids could be subjected to a complement fixation test using B. abortus antigen or an ELISA, with a negative result. N.B. This measure reflects the current requirement for importing camelids from the US. The tests required in this option could be changed to include all prescribed serological tests listed in the Manual. Under the Code recommendations for cattle, this option implies that the animals were kept in a country or zone free from bovine brucellosis, or were from a herd officially free from bovine brucellosis. However, the US is not free from bovine brucellosis. 3. Animals could be isolated prior to shipment and subjected to a prescribed serological test for bovine brucellosis with negative results on two occasions, with an interval of not less than 30 days between each test, the second test being performed during the 15 days prior to shipment. These tests could be considered invalid in female animals which have given birth during the past 14 days. N.B. The Manual states that the manifestations of brucellosis in camelids are similar to those in cattle. This measure is equivalent to those recommended in the Code for cattle. 4. Animals could be imported only from countries that are free from B. abortus such as Australia and Canada. References References marked * were sighted as abstracts in electronic data-bases. Gidlewski T, Cheville NF, Rhyan JC, Miller LD, Gilsdorf MJ (2000). Experimental Brucella abortus induced abortion in a llama: pathologic effects. Veterinary Pathology, 37(1), 77-82. 76 ● Import risk analysis: Llamas and alpacas from specified countries MAF Biosecurity New Zealand
Gilsdorf MJ, Thoen CO, Temple RM, Gidlewski T, Ewalt D, Martin B, Henneger SB (2001). Experimental exposure of llamas (Lama glama) to Brucella abortus: humoral antibody response. Veterinary Microbiology, 81(1), 85-91. Hellstrom J (1991). New Zealand is free from bovine brucellosis. Surveillance, 18(1), 14. Mackereth G (2003). Reaffirming New Zealand's freedom from bovine brucellosis. Surveillance, 30(3), 3-6. MAF (2009). Unwanted Organisms Register. http://mafuwsp6.maf.govt.nz/uor/searchframe.htm, downloaded 9/9/2009. Marin RE, Brihuega B, Romero G (2008). Seroprevalence of infectious diseases in llamas from Jujuy province, Argentina. Veterinaria Agentina, 25(244), 281-7.* Nielsen K (2008). Bovine brucellosis. In: Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals, OIE, Paris, Pp. 624-59. OIE (2008). World Animal Health Information Database (WAHID) Interface. Available at: http://www.oie.int/wahid-prod/public.php?page=home, downloaded 11/2/2009. Rojas X, Munoz S, Otto B, Perez B, Nielsen K (2004). The use of the polarized fluorescent assay (PF) and competitive ELISA test (C-ELISA) for the diagnosis of brucellosis in South American camelids. Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria, 36(1), 59-64.* MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Import risk analysis: Llamas and alpacas from specified countries ● 77
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Import risk analysis: Llamas (Lama
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MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Pastora
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CONTENTS Executive Summary 1 1. Int
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Acronyms CDC United States Centers
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Executive Summary This risk analysi
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1. Introduction The importation of
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Figure 1. The risk analysis process
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Following public consultation on th
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Disease agent Foot and mouth diseas
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Disease agent PROTOZOA Eimeria alpa
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Bacteria, rickettsias and spirochae
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McKenna PB (2009). An updated check
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6. African horse sickness virus 6.1
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7. Bluetongue virus 7.1. HAZARD IDE
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8. Borna virus 8.1. HAZARD IDENTIFI
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8.2.2. Risk estimation Since entry
Page 33 and 34: It has been suggested that as many
Page 35 and 36: Therefore, since the the consequenc
Page 37 and 38: Givens MD, Heath AM, Brock KV, Brod
Page 39 and 40: 10. Bovine herpesvirus type 1 10.1.
Page 41 and 42: 10.2.2. Exposure assessment Importe
Page 43 and 44: Bartha A, Haidu G, Aldassy P, Paczo
Page 45 and 46: 11. Epizootic haemorrhagic disease
Page 47 and 48: 12. Eastern equine encephalitis vir
Page 49 and 50: 13. Equine herpesvirus type 1 13.1.
Page 51 and 52: 13.2.2. Exposure assessment Assumin
Page 53 and 54: Davison AJ, Erberle R, Hayward GS,
Page 55 and 56: 1993). According to Fowler (1992),
Page 57 and 58: Veterinary Authorities should requi
Page 59 and 60: 15. Louping-ill virus 15.1. HAZARD
Page 61 and 62: 16. Rabies virus 16.1. HAZARD IDENT
Page 63 and 64: � Rabies is a serious zoonotic di
Page 65 and 66: 17. Vesicular stomatitis virus 17.1
Page 67 and 68: incubation period of the disease. T
Page 69 and 70: quarantined with protection from in
Page 71 and 72: Pharo HJ (1999). Vesicular stomatit
Page 73 and 74: 18.1.5. Hazard identification concl
Page 75 and 76: necessarily be competent vectors, a
Page 77 and 78: 20. Bacillus anthracis 20.1. HAZARD
Page 79 and 80: 20.3. RISK MANAGEMENT 20.3.1. Optio
Page 81 and 82: 21. Brucella spp. 21.1. HAZARD IDEN
Page 83: 21.2.4. Risk estimation Since entry
Page 87 and 88: References References marked * were
Page 89 and 90: Serological tests include the compl
Page 91 and 92: with negative results using the com
Page 93 and 94: 24. Coxiella burnetii 24.1. HAZARD
Page 95 and 96: � Although quarantine is not suit
Page 97 and 98: 25. Leptospira serovars 25.1. HAZAR
Page 99 and 100: immune response is a low titre that
Page 101 and 102: Retention of this empty Chapter, wi
Page 103 and 104: 26. Mycobacterium bovis 26.1. HAZAR
Page 105 and 106: 26.3. RISK MANAGEMENT 26.3.1. Optio
Page 109 and 110: without any measures for detecting
Page 113 and 114: Animals become septicaemic a few ho
Page 115 and 116: 29. Salmonella spp. 29.1. HAZARD ID
Page 117 and 118: animals and sporadic cases of salmo
Page 119 and 120: Hansen KR, Nielsen LR, Lind P (2006
Page 121 and 122: Camelidae diseases, or as transmitt
Page 123 and 124: 32. Trypanosoma spp. 32.1. HAZARD I
Page 125 and 126: T. evansi and T. vivax occur in Sou
Page 127 and 128: 5. Animals to be imported could be
Page 129 and 130: (Kittelberger et al 2002) and is th
Page 131 and 132: � The role of an IHS is to specif
Page 133 and 134: 34. Internal parasites 34.1. HAZARD
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34.1.4.2. Trematodes The following
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34.2.4. Risk estimation Since entry
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35. Mites, lice and fleas 35.1. HAZ
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35.2. RISK ASSESSMENT 35.2.1. Entry
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N.B. This measure reflects the curr
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Hard ticks (Ixodidae) have a lifecy
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1. Camelids could be treated with p
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the Eastern Cape and North-West Pro
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The larvae reach maturity about 4-8
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exploration, debriding and flushing
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a. all animals have been re-examine
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38. Weeds and seeds 38.1. HAZARD ID
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edding materials include wood shavi
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