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Import risk analysis: Llamas (Lama glama) and alpacas (Vicugna ...

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with negative results using the complement fixation test within 30 days of<br />

shipment.<br />

3. Animals for importation could have remained since birth or the previous 2 years in<br />

a herd in which enzootic abortion has not been diagnosed for 2 years; <strong>and</strong> the herd<br />

of origin could be tested using the complement fixation test to a level that gives a<br />

high degree of confidence that the herd is free from chlamydial infections.<br />

4. Camelids for export to New Zeal<strong>and</strong> could be required to have been resident since<br />

birth in a country or zone that is free from C. abortus infection.<br />

References<br />

N.B. This measure would restrict importation to animals coming from Australia<br />

<strong>and</strong> some South American countries.<br />

References marked * were sighted as abstracts in electronic data-bases.<br />

Aitken ID (1983). Enzootic(Chlamydial) abortion. In: Martin WB (ed), Diseases of Sheep, Blackwell Scientific<br />

Publications, Oxford. Pp. 119-23.<br />

Andersen AA (2004). Chlamydiosis. In: Coetzer JAW, Tustin RC (eds), Infectious Diseases of Livestock, Vol.<br />

1, Oxford University Press, Cape Town. Pp. 550-64.<br />

CFSPH (2009). The Center for Food Security <strong>and</strong> Public Health. Zoonotic Chlamydiae from mammals.<br />

Available at: http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/chlamydiosis.pdf<br />

Dagnall GJ, Wilsmore AJ (1990). A simple staining method for the identification of chlamydial elementary<br />

bodies in the fetal membranes of sheep affected by ovine enzootic abortion. Veterinary Microbiology, 21(3),<br />

233-9.<br />

Domeika M, Ganusauskas A, Bassiri M, Froman G, Mardh PA (1994). Comparison of polymerase chain<br />

reaction, direct immunofluorescence, cell culture <strong>and</strong> enzyme immunoassay for the detection of Chlamydia<br />

psittaci in bull semen. Veterinary Microbiology, 42(4), 273-80.<br />

Everett KD, Bush RM, Andersen AA (1999). Amended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of<br />

Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. <strong>and</strong> Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised<br />

taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus <strong>and</strong> five new species, <strong>and</strong> st<strong>and</strong>ards for the<br />

identification of organisms. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 49 Pt 2, 415-40.*<br />

Longbottom D (2008). Enzootic abortion of ewes. In: OIE (ed), Manual of Diagnostic Tests <strong>and</strong> Vaccines for<br />

Terrestrial Animals, Pp. 1013-20, OIE, Paris.<br />

Mackereth GF, Stanislawek W (2002). First isolation of Chlamydophila pecorum in New Zeal<strong>and</strong>.<br />

Surveillance, 29(3), 17-8.<br />

MAF (2009). Unwanted Organisms Register. http://mafuwsp6.maf.govt.nz/uor/searchframe.htm, downloaded<br />

9/9/2009.<br />

Motha J, Reed C, Gibbons A (1995). The prevalence of Chlamydia in feral pigeons <strong>and</strong> native psittacines.<br />

Surveillance, 22(4), 20-2.<br />

OIE (2008a). Terrestrial Animal Health Code. Available at:<br />

http://www.oie.int/eng/normes/MCode/en_sommaire.htm, downloaded 30/6/2009.<br />

MAF Biosecurity New Zeal<strong>and</strong> <strong>Import</strong> <strong>risk</strong> <strong>analysis</strong>: <strong>Llamas</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>alpacas</strong> from specified countries ● 83

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