Import risk analysis: Llamas (Lama glama) and alpacas (Vicugna ...

2. Camelids could be required to have originated from farms where there have been no
laboratory-confirmed cases of salmonellosis due to Salmonella Dublin or Salmonella
Typhimurium DT 104 in the last 1-3 years.
N.B. This option rests on the assumption that camelids may be carriers of S. Dublin and S.
Typhimurium DT104. The number of years property history required can be varied
according to acceptability of this risk.
3. While in PEQ, faecal samples from camelids could be cultured for S. Dublin and S.
typhimurium DT104, with negative results.
N.B. This option is partly consistent with measures in the current IHS, and rests on the
assumption that camelids may be carriers of S. Dublin and S. Typhimurium DT104. Extra
sensitivity could be achieved by carrying out two faecal culture tests at an interval of 10 to
14 days.
References
References marked * were viewed as abstracts in electronic data-bases.
Alley MR, Connolly JH, Fenwick SG, Mackereth GF, Leyland MJ, Rogers LE, Haycock M, Nicol C,
Reed CEM (2002). An epidemic of salmonellosis caused by Salmonella Typhimurium DT 160 in wild birds
and humans in New Zealand. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 50(5), 170-6.
Anderson NV, Anderson DE, Leipold HW, Kennedy GA, Repenning L, Strathe, GA (1995). Septicemic
salmonellosis in two llamas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 206(1), 75-76.
Cebra CK, Mattson DE, Baker RJ, Sonn RJ, Dearing PL (2003). Potential pathogens in feces from
unweaned llamas and alpacas with diarrhea. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 223(12),
1806-8.
Clark RG, Fenwick SG, Nicol CM, Marchant RM, Swanney S, Gill JM, Holmes JD, Leyland M, Davies
PR (2004). Salmonella Brandenburg - emergence of a new strain affecting stock and humans in the South
Island of New Zealand. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 52(1), 26-36.
Clarke R, Tomlinson P (2004). Salmonella Brandenburg: changing patterns of disease in Southland Province,
New Zealand.http://www.nzma.org.nz/journal/117-1205/1144/, downloaded 9/9/2009.
D'Alterio GL, Bazeley KJ, Jones JR, Jose M, Woodward MJ (2003). Meningitis associated with Salmonella
Newport in a neonatal alpaca (Lama pacos) in the United Kingdom. Veterinary Record, 152(2), 56-7.
Davies R (2008). Salmonellosis. In: Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals, Vol. 2,
OIE, Paris. Pp. 1267-83.
ESR (2007). Human Salmonella isolates. Available at:
http://www.surv.esr.cri.nz/enteric_reference/human_salmonella.php
ESR (2009). Database of the enteric reference laboratory. Available at:
http://www.surv.esr.cri.nz/enteric_reference/enteric_reference.php, downloaded 9/9/2009.
Fenwick SG, Collett MG (2004). Bovine salmonellosis. In: Coetzer JAW, Tustin RC (eds), Infectious Diseases
of Livestock, Vol. 3, Oxford University Press, Cape Town. Pp. 1582-93.
110 ● Import risk analysis: Llamas and alpacas from specified countries MAF Biosecurity New Zealand