Import risk analysis: Llamas (Lama glama) and alpacas (Vicugna ...

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2. Camelids could be required to have originated from farms where there have been no laboratory-confirmed cases of salmonellosis due to Salmonella Dublin or Salmonella Typhimurium DT 104 in the last 1-3 years. N.B. This option rests on the assumption that camelids may be carriers of S. Dublin and S. Typhimurium DT104. The number of years property history required can be varied according to acceptability of this risk. 3. While in PEQ, faecal samples from camelids could be cultured for S. Dublin and S. typhimurium DT104, with negative results. N.B. This option is partly consistent with measures in the current IHS, and rests on the assumption that camelids may be carriers of S. Dublin and S. Typhimurium DT104. Extra sensitivity could be achieved by carrying out two faecal culture tests at an interval of 10 to 14 days. References References marked * were viewed as abstracts in electronic data-bases. Alley MR, Connolly JH, Fenwick SG, Mackereth GF, Leyland MJ, Rogers LE, Haycock M, Nicol C, Reed CEM (2002). An epidemic of salmonellosis caused by Salmonella Typhimurium DT 160 in wild birds and humans in New Zealand. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 50(5), 170-6. Anderson NV, Anderson DE, Leipold HW, Kennedy GA, Repenning L, Strathe, GA (1995). Septicemic salmonellosis in two llamas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 206(1), 75-76. Cebra CK, Mattson DE, Baker RJ, Sonn RJ, Dearing PL (2003). Potential pathogens in feces from unweaned llamas and alpacas with diarrhea. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 223(12), 1806-8. Clark RG, Fenwick SG, Nicol CM, Marchant RM, Swanney S, Gill JM, Holmes JD, Leyland M, Davies PR (2004). Salmonella Brandenburg - emergence of a new strain affecting stock and humans in the South Island of New Zealand. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 52(1), 26-36. Clarke R, Tomlinson P (2004). Salmonella Brandenburg: changing patterns of disease in Southland Province, New Zealand.http://www.nzma.org.nz/journal/117-1205/1144/, downloaded 9/9/2009. D'Alterio GL, Bazeley KJ, Jones JR, Jose M, Woodward MJ (2003). Meningitis associated with Salmonella Newport in a neonatal alpaca (Lama pacos) in the United Kingdom. Veterinary Record, 152(2), 56-7. Davies R (2008). Salmonellosis. In: Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals, Vol. 2, OIE, Paris. Pp. 1267-83. ESR (2007). Human Salmonella isolates. Available at: http://www.surv.esr.cri.nz/enteric_reference/human_salmonella.php ESR (2009). Database of the enteric reference laboratory. Available at: http://www.surv.esr.cri.nz/enteric_reference/enteric_reference.php, downloaded 9/9/2009. Fenwick SG, Collett MG (2004). Bovine salmonellosis. In: Coetzer JAW, Tustin RC (eds), Infectious Diseases of Livestock, Vol. 3, Oxford University Press, Cape Town. Pp. 1582-93. 110 ● Import risk analysis: Llamas and alpacas from specified countries MAF Biosecurity New Zealand
Hansen KR, Nielsen LR, Lind P (2006). Use of IgG avidity ELISA to differentiate acute from persistent infection with Salmonella Dublin in cattle. Journal of Applied Microbiolology, 100(1), 144-52. Hogue A, Agula F, Johnson R, Petersen K, Saini P, Schlosser W (1997). Situation Assessment: Salmonella Typhimurium DT 104, United States Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service, Washington DC 20250. http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPHS/stdt104.htm, downloaded 9/9/2009. Jones YE, Chappell S, McLaren IM, Davies RH, Wray C (2002). Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella isolated from animals and their environment in England and Wales from 1988 to 1999. Veterinary Record, 150, 649-54. MacDiarmid S (2010). Principal International Adviser Risk Analyis, MAFBNZ. Personal communication with Broad L (01/02/2010). MAF (2009). Unwanted Organisms Register. http://mafuwsp6.maf.govt.nz/uor/searchframe.htm, downloaded 9/9/2009. Nielsen LR, Toft N, Ersboll AK (2004). Evaluation of an indirect serum ELISA and a bacteriological faecal culture test for diagnosis of Salmonella serotype Dublin in cattle using latent class models. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 96(2), 311-9. Plagemann O (1989). Differential diagnosis of Salmonella Abortus ovis and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis from abortions in ewes. Journal of Veterinary Medicine. Series B, 36(7), 509-14*. Radostits O, Gay C, C,, Hinchcliff KW, Constable PD (2007). Diseases associated with Salmonella species. In: Veterinary Medicine. A textbook of the diseases of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs, and goats, Saunders Elsevier, Edinburgh. Pp. 896-921. Rulofson FC, Atwill ER, Holmberg CA (2001). Fecal shedding of Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium parvum, Salmonella organisms, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 from llamas in California. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 62(4), 637-42. Saulez MN, Cebra CK, Valentine BA (2004). Necrotizing hepatitis associated with enteric salmonellosis in an alpaca. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 45(4), 321-3. Tibary A, Fite C, Anouassi A, Sghiri A (2006). Infectious causes of reproductive loss in camelids. Theriogenology, 66(3), 633-47. Veling J, Barkema HW, van der Schans J, van Zijderveld F, Verhoeff J (2002). Herd-level diagnosis for Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Dublin infection in bovine dairy herds. Preventitive Veterinary Medicine, 53(1-2), 31-42.* Wernery U, Kaaden O-R (2002). Salmonellosis. In: Infectious Diseases in Camelids. Second edition, Blackwell Science, Berlin-Vienna. Pp. 73-7. MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Import risk analysis: Llamas and alpacas from specified countries ● 111
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Import risk analysis: Llamas (Lama
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MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Pastora
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CONTENTS Executive Summary 1 1. Int
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Acronyms CDC United States Centers
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Executive Summary This risk analysi
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1. Introduction The importation of
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Figure 1. The risk analysis process
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Following public consultation on th
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Disease agent Foot and mouth diseas
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Disease agent PROTOZOA Eimeria alpa
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Bacteria, rickettsias and spirochae
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McKenna PB (2009). An updated check
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6. African horse sickness virus 6.1
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7. Bluetongue virus 7.1. HAZARD IDE
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8. Borna virus 8.1. HAZARD IDENTIFI
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8.2.2. Risk estimation Since entry
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It has been suggested that as many
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Therefore, since the the consequenc
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Givens MD, Heath AM, Brock KV, Brod
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10. Bovine herpesvirus type 1 10.1.
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10.2.2. Exposure assessment Importe
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Bartha A, Haidu G, Aldassy P, Paczo
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11. Epizootic haemorrhagic disease
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12. Eastern equine encephalitis vir
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13. Equine herpesvirus type 1 13.1.
Page 51 and 52:
13.2.2. Exposure assessment Assumin
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Davison AJ, Erberle R, Hayward GS,
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1993). According to Fowler (1992),
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Veterinary Authorities should requi
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15. Louping-ill virus 15.1. HAZARD
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16. Rabies virus 16.1. HAZARD IDENT
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� Rabies is a serious zoonotic di
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17. Vesicular stomatitis virus 17.1
Page 67 and 68: incubation period of the disease. T
Page 69 and 70: quarantined with protection from in
Page 71 and 72: Pharo HJ (1999). Vesicular stomatit
Page 73 and 74: 18.1.5. Hazard identification concl
Page 75 and 76: necessarily be competent vectors, a
Page 77 and 78: 20. Bacillus anthracis 20.1. HAZARD
Page 79 and 80: 20.3. RISK MANAGEMENT 20.3.1. Optio
Page 81 and 82: 21. Brucella spp. 21.1. HAZARD IDEN
Page 83 and 84: 21.2.4. Risk estimation Since entry
Page 85 and 86: Gilsdorf MJ, Thoen CO, Temple RM, G
Page 87 and 88: References References marked * were
Page 89 and 90: Serological tests include the compl
Page 91 and 92: with negative results using the com
Page 93 and 94: 24. Coxiella burnetii 24.1. HAZARD
Page 95 and 96: � Although quarantine is not suit
Page 97 and 98: 25. Leptospira serovars 25.1. HAZAR
Page 99 and 100: immune response is a low titre that
Page 101 and 102: Retention of this empty Chapter, wi
Page 103 and 104: 26. Mycobacterium bovis 26.1. HAZAR
Page 105 and 106: 26.3. RISK MANAGEMENT 26.3.1. Optio
Page 109 and 110: without any measures for detecting
Page 113 and 114: Animals become septicaemic a few ho
Page 115 and 116: 29. Salmonella spp. 29.1. HAZARD ID
Page 117: animals and sporadic cases of salmo
Page 121 and 122: Camelidae diseases, or as transmitt
Page 123 and 124: 32. Trypanosoma spp. 32.1. HAZARD I
Page 125 and 126: T. evansi and T. vivax occur in Sou
Page 127 and 128: 5. Animals to be imported could be
Page 129 and 130: (Kittelberger et al 2002) and is th
Page 131 and 132: � The role of an IHS is to specif
Page 133 and 134: 34. Internal parasites 34.1. HAZARD
Page 135 and 136: 34.1.4.2. Trematodes The following
Page 137 and 138: 34.2.4. Risk estimation Since entry
Page 139 and 140: 35. Mites, lice and fleas 35.1. HAZ
Page 141 and 142: 35.2. RISK ASSESSMENT 35.2.1. Entry
Page 143 and 144: N.B. This measure reflects the curr
Page 145 and 146: Hard ticks (Ixodidae) have a lifecy
Page 147 and 148: 1. Camelids could be treated with p
Page 149 and 150: the Eastern Cape and North-West Pro
Page 151 and 152: The larvae reach maturity about 4-8
Page 153 and 154: exploration, debriding and flushing
Page 155 and 156: a. all animals have been re-examine
Page 157 and 158: 38. Weeds and seeds 38.1. HAZARD ID
Page 159 and 160: edding materials include wood shavi
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