Import risk analysis: Llamas (Lama glama) and alpacas (Vicugna ...

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15.1.5. Hazard identification conclusion Animals that are infected with louping ill and their related viruses are not contagious. These diseases are transmitted by tick species that do not occur in New Zealand. Therefore, louping-ill and related viruses in camelids are not considered to be hazards in the commodity. N.B. measures to manage the risks of introducing ticks associated with the commodities are discussed in the ticks section. References References marked * were sighted as abstracts in electronic data-bases. Cranwell MP, Josephson M, Willoughby K, Marriott L (2008). Louping ill in an alpaca. Veterinary Record, 162(1), 28. Gilbert L, Jones LD, Hudson PJ, Gould EA, Reid HW (2000). Role of small mammals in the persistence of Louping-ill virus: field survey and tick co-feeding studies. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 14(3), 277-82.* Gresikova M, Beran GW (1981). Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE). In: Beran GW (ed), Handbook series in Zoonoses. Section B: Viral Zoonoses, Volume 1, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, Pp. 201-8. Gritsun TS, Lashkevich VA, Gould EA (2003a). Tick-borne encephalitis. Antiviral Research, 57(1-2), 129-46.* Gritsun TS, Nuttall PA, Gould EA (2003b). Tick-borne flaviviruses. Advances in Virus Research, 61, 317-71.* Korenberg EI, Kovalevskii YV (1999). Main features of tick-borne encephalitis eco-epidemiology in Russia. Zentralblatt fur Bakteriologie, 289(5-7), 525-39.* Macaldowie C, Patterson IA, Nettleton PF, Low H, Buxton D (2005). Louping ill in llamas (Lama glama) in the Hebrides. Veterinary Record, 156(13), 420-1. MAF (2009). Unwanted Organisms Register. http://mafuwsp6.maf.govt.nz/uor/searchframe.htm, downloaded 11/1/2009. Reid HW (1990). Louping-ill virus. In: Dinter Z, Morein B (eds), Virus Infections of Ruminants. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, Pp. 279-89. Swanepoel R, Laurenson R (2004). Louping ill. In: Coetzer JAW, Tustin RC (eds), Infectious Diseases of Livestock, Vol. 2, Oxford University Press, Cape Town, Pp. 995-1003. Thiel H-J, S. CM, Gould EA, Heinz FX, Houghton M, Meyers G, H. PR, Rice CM (2005). Genus Flavivirus. In: Fauquet CM, Mayo MA, Maniloff J, Desselberger U, Ball LA (eds), Eighth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, Elsevier Academic Press, Amsterdam, Pp. 982-98. 52 ● Import risk analysis: Llamas and alpacas from specified countries MAF Biosecurity New Zealand
16. Rabies virus 16.1. HAZARD IDENTIFICATION 16.1.1. Aetiological agent Family: Rhabdoviridae; Genus: Lyssavirus; Species: Rabies virus (Tordo et al, 2005). 16.1.2. OIE list Listed as a disease of multiple species. 16.1.3. New Zealand status Listed as an exotic notifiable disease (MAF 2009). 16.1.4. Epidemiology Rabies is a disease of all mammals including camelids (Fowler 1992; Wernery & Kaaden 2002) and humans. It is characterised by severe neurological signs and is invariably fatal. Rabies occurs widely around the world but there are a number of countries that are free, mainly island and peninsular countries. In all endemically infected countries rabies virus is maintained in a population of domestic or wild carnivores or bats. True rabies in bats is confined to the Americas (Swanepoel 2004). In South America vampire bats are important vectors (Swanepoel 2004). Infections of bats with related lyssaviruses occur in Europe (Fooks et al 2003), Africa (Swanepoel 2004) and Australia (Thompson 1999). Australia, the United Kingdom and some European countries are free from rabies, but it occurs in both North and South America. The virus is carried mainly by carnivores. In the final stages of the disease they excrete the virus in their saliva and transmit it to other animals when they bite them. Other forms of transmission such as aerosol transmission in bat colonies (Swanepoel 2004) and per os infection of kudu (Hubschle 1988) are rare exceptions. Following deposition in a bite wound the virus enters peripheral nerves and is transported through the nerves to the central nervous system. After entering the peripheral nerves the virus is not found in any other body tissues or in the blood. Amputation of limbs of mice experimentally infected in the foot pads has been shown to prevent the virus from progressing to the brain (Swanepoel 2004). The passage of virus through the nervous system is slow and, depending on the site of infection, the dose of virus and the animal concerned, the incubation period before the appearance of clinical signs may vary from weeks to years. The occurrence of viraemia is an exceptional event other than in experimental infections of young mice with large doses of virus (Swanepoel 2004). The virus spreads to the salivary glands at about the stage that there is generalised dissemination of infection in the brain. It then multiplies in the salivary glands and is excreted in the saliva. The Code states that “For the purposes of the Terrestrial Code, the incubation period for rabies shall be 6 months, and the infective period in domestic carnivores starts 15 days before the onset of the first clinical signs and ends when the animal dies”. Typically, animals become ataxic and aggressive, or develop a paralytic form of the disease (Radostits et al 2007). MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Import risk analysis: Llamas and alpacas from specified countries ● 53
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Import risk analysis: Llamas (Lama
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MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Pastora
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CONTENTS Executive Summary 1 1. Int
Page 7 and 8:
Acronyms CDC United States Centers
Page 9 and 10: Executive Summary This risk analysi
Page 11 and 12: 1. Introduction The importation of
Page 13 and 14: Figure 1. The risk analysis process
Page 15 and 16: Following public consultation on th
Page 17 and 18: Disease agent Foot and mouth diseas
Page 19 and 20: Disease agent PROTOZOA Eimeria alpa
Page 21 and 22: Bacteria, rickettsias and spirochae
Page 23 and 24: McKenna PB (2009). An updated check
Page 25 and 26: 6. African horse sickness virus 6.1
Page 27 and 28: 7. Bluetongue virus 7.1. HAZARD IDE
Page 29 and 30: 8. Borna virus 8.1. HAZARD IDENTIFI
Page 31 and 32: 8.2.2. Risk estimation Since entry
Page 33 and 34: It has been suggested that as many
Page 35 and 36: Therefore, since the the consequenc
Page 37 and 38: Givens MD, Heath AM, Brock KV, Brod
Page 39 and 40: 10. Bovine herpesvirus type 1 10.1.
Page 41 and 42: 10.2.2. Exposure assessment Importe
Page 43 and 44: Bartha A, Haidu G, Aldassy P, Paczo
Page 45 and 46: 11. Epizootic haemorrhagic disease
Page 47 and 48: 12. Eastern equine encephalitis vir
Page 49 and 50: 13. Equine herpesvirus type 1 13.1.
Page 51 and 52: 13.2.2. Exposure assessment Assumin
Page 53 and 54: Davison AJ, Erberle R, Hayward GS,
Page 55 and 56: 1993). According to Fowler (1992),
Page 57 and 58: Veterinary Authorities should requi
Page 59: 15. Louping-ill virus 15.1. HAZARD
Page 63 and 64: � Rabies is a serious zoonotic di
Page 65 and 66: 17. Vesicular stomatitis virus 17.1
Page 67 and 68: incubation period of the disease. T
Page 69 and 70: quarantined with protection from in
Page 71 and 72: Pharo HJ (1999). Vesicular stomatit
Page 73 and 74: 18.1.5. Hazard identification concl
Page 75 and 76: necessarily be competent vectors, a
Page 77 and 78: 20. Bacillus anthracis 20.1. HAZARD
Page 79 and 80: 20.3. RISK MANAGEMENT 20.3.1. Optio
Page 81 and 82: 21. Brucella spp. 21.1. HAZARD IDEN
Page 83 and 84: 21.2.4. Risk estimation Since entry
Page 85 and 86: Gilsdorf MJ, Thoen CO, Temple RM, G
Page 87 and 88: References References marked * were
Page 89 and 90: Serological tests include the compl
Page 91 and 92: with negative results using the com
Page 93 and 94: 24. Coxiella burnetii 24.1. HAZARD
Page 95 and 96: � Although quarantine is not suit
Page 97 and 98: 25. Leptospira serovars 25.1. HAZAR
Page 99 and 100: immune response is a low titre that
Page 101 and 102: Retention of this empty Chapter, wi
Page 103 and 104: 26. Mycobacterium bovis 26.1. HAZAR
Page 105 and 106: 26.3. RISK MANAGEMENT 26.3.1. Optio
Page 107 and 108: References References marked * were
Page 109 and 110: without any measures for detecting
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References References marked * were
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Animals become septicaemic a few ho
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29. Salmonella spp. 29.1. HAZARD ID
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animals and sporadic cases of salmo
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Hansen KR, Nielsen LR, Lind P (2006
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Camelidae diseases, or as transmitt
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32. Trypanosoma spp. 32.1. HAZARD I
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T. evansi and T. vivax occur in Sou
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5. Animals to be imported could be
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(Kittelberger et al 2002) and is th
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� The role of an IHS is to specif
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34. Internal parasites 34.1. HAZARD
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34.1.4.2. Trematodes The following
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34.2.4. Risk estimation Since entry
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35. Mites, lice and fleas 35.1. HAZ
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35.2. RISK ASSESSMENT 35.2.1. Entry
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N.B. This measure reflects the curr
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Hard ticks (Ixodidae) have a lifecy
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1. Camelids could be treated with p
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the Eastern Cape and North-West Pro
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The larvae reach maturity about 4-8
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exploration, debriding and flushing
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a. all animals have been re-examine
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38. Weeds and seeds 38.1. HAZARD ID
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edding materials include wood shavi
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