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Import risk analysis: Llamas (Lama glama) and alpacas (Vicugna ...

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15.1.5. Hazard identification conclusion<br />

Animals that are infected with louping ill <strong>and</strong> their related viruses are not contagious.<br />

These diseases are transmitted by tick species that do not occur in New Zeal<strong>and</strong>. Therefore,<br />

louping-ill <strong>and</strong> related viruses in camelids are not considered to be hazards in the<br />

commodity.<br />

N.B. measures to manage the <strong>risk</strong>s of introducing ticks associated with the commodities<br />

are discussed in the ticks section.<br />

References<br />

References marked * were sighted as abstracts in electronic data-bases.<br />

Cranwell MP, Josephson M, Willoughby K, Marriott L (2008). Louping ill in an alpaca. Veterinary Record,<br />

162(1), 28.<br />

Gilbert L, Jones LD, Hudson PJ, Gould EA, Reid HW (2000). Role of small mammals in the persistence of<br />

Louping-ill virus: field survey <strong>and</strong> tick co-feeding studies. Medical <strong>and</strong> Veterinary Entomology, 14(3), 277-82.*<br />

Gresikova M, Beran GW (1981). Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE). In: Beran GW (ed), H<strong>and</strong>book series in<br />

Zoonoses. Section B: Viral Zoonoses, Volume 1, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, Pp. 201-8.<br />

Gritsun TS, Lashkevich VA, Gould EA (2003a). Tick-borne encephalitis. Antiviral Research, 57(1-2), 129-46.*<br />

Gritsun TS, Nuttall PA, Gould EA (2003b). Tick-borne flaviviruses. Advances in Virus Research, 61, 317-71.*<br />

Korenberg EI, Kovalevskii YV (1999). Main features of tick-borne encephalitis eco-epidemiology in Russia.<br />

Zentralblatt fur Bakteriologie, 289(5-7), 525-39.*<br />

Macaldowie C, Patterson IA, Nettleton PF, Low H, Buxton D (2005). Louping ill in llamas (<strong>Lama</strong> <strong>glama</strong>) in<br />

the Hebrides. Veterinary Record, 156(13), 420-1.<br />

MAF (2009). Unwanted Organisms Register. http://mafuwsp6.maf.govt.nz/uor/searchframe.htm, downloaded<br />

11/1/2009.<br />

Reid HW (1990). Louping-ill virus. In: Dinter Z, Morein B (eds), Virus Infections of Ruminants. Elsevier<br />

Science Publishers, Amsterdam, Pp. 279-89.<br />

Swanepoel R, Laurenson R (2004). Louping ill. In: Coetzer JAW, Tustin RC (eds), Infectious Diseases of<br />

Livestock, Vol. 2, Oxford University Press, Cape Town, Pp. 995-1003.<br />

Thiel H-J, S. CM, Gould EA, Heinz FX, Houghton M, Meyers G, H. PR, Rice CM (2005). Genus<br />

Flavivirus. In: Fauquet CM, Mayo MA, Maniloff J, Desselberger U, Ball LA (eds), Eighth Report of the<br />

International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, Elsevier Academic Press, Amsterdam, Pp. 982-98.<br />

52 ● <strong>Import</strong> <strong>risk</strong> <strong>analysis</strong>: <strong>Llamas</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>alpacas</strong> from specified countries MAF Biosecurity New Zeal<strong>and</strong>

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