Import risk analysis: Llamas (Lama glama) and alpacas (Vicugna ...

Serological tests include the complement fixation test and ELISA, but specificity is not
high and cross reactions occur between C. abortus and C. pecorum and some gramnegative
organisms (Longbottom 2008). Competitive ELISAs using monoclonal antibodies
and tests using specific recombinant antigens that discriminate between C. abortus and C.
pecorum have been developed (Longbottom 2008). The Manual does not prescribe a test
for international trade, but the complement fixation test is suitable for use when
importing/exporting animals.
There is little information on infection in camelids, however evidence was found that C.
abortus occasionally affects alpacas (CFSPH 2009). C. abortus could not be demonstrated
in vaginal swabs from 67 healthy llamas (Wittek 2008). Antibody to Chlamydophila was
found in 32 % of Camelidae in 11 zoological institutions (Probst 2007). It has been stated
that “leptospirosis, toxoplasmosis and chlamydiosis have been diagnosed as the major
causes of abortion in llamas and alpacas” (Tibary et al 2005). Wernery and Kaaden (2002)
reviewed reports of abortion and disease, characterised by eye infections and arthritis,
caused by Chlamydia spp. Of 53 crias born over 12 years, 32 died from the infection
(Wernery & Kaaden 2002). It is not clear what species of Chlamydophila was involved in
these cases. Since there is little information about the infection in camelids extrapolation
from what is known in other animal species is necessary.
23.1.5. Hazard identification conclusion
Since C. pecorum occurs in New Zealand it is not considered to be a hazard in the
commodity. The role of C. abortus in causing abortion and disease in camelids is
uncertain. Therefore it is considered to be a potential hazard in the commodity.
23.2. RISK ASSESSMENT
23.2.1. Entry assessment
Infections with C. abortus in sheep and cattle may be subclinical and chronic, and it is
therefore considered possible that a similar situation could occur in camelids. Animals
from any country in which the disease is endemic could be infected with the organism.
Therefore the likelihood of introduction is assessed to be non-negligible.
23.2.2. Exposure assessment
Introduced camelids are likely to be mixed with New Zealand camelids and other animals.
Since the organisms could be excreted in vaginal secretions after partuition, transmission
to in-contact animals would be possible. Therefore, the likelihood that New Zealand
animals would be infected is non-negligible.
23.2.3. Consequence assessment
Introduction of the organism could cause serious production losses, particularly in sheep in
which it causes an economically important disease. The organism is pathogenic for humans
and abortions have been described in pregnant women working with sheep at lambing time
(Longbottom 2008). Therefore, sporadic cases of abortion could occur in women. The
consequences of introduction are assessed to be non-negligible.
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Import risk analysis: Llamas and alpacas from specified countries ● 81