Import risk analysis: Llamas (Lama glama) and alpacas (Vicugna ...

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The Center for Food Security and Public Health (2006). Diseases caused by the epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serogroup. Available at: http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/epizootic_hemorrhagic_disease.pdf, downloaded 9/9/2009 Thedford TR, Johnson LW (1989). Infectious diseases of New-World camelids (NWC). The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Food and Animal Practice, 5(1), 145-57.* Thomas AD (1981). Prevalence of melioidosis in northern Queensland. Australian Veterinary Journal, 57(3), 146-8. Wernery U, Kaaden O-R (2002a). Anthrax. In: Infectious Diseases in Camelids. Second edition, Blackwell Science, Berlin-Vienna. Pp. 33-5. Wernery U, Kaaden O-R (2002b). Borna disease. In: Infectious Diseases in Camelids. Second edition, Blackwell Science, Berlin-Vienna. Pp. 174-6. Wernery U, Kaaden O-R (2002c). Brucellosis. In: Infectious Diseases in Camelids. Second edition, Blackwell Science, Berlin-Vienna. Pp. 109-16. Wernery U, Kaaden O-R (2002d). Digestive System. In: Infectious Diseases in Camelids. Second edition, Blackwell Science, Berlin-Vienna. Pp. 73-90. Wernery U, Kaaden O-R (2002e). Influenza. In: Infectious Diseases in Camelids. Second edition, Blackwell Science, Berlin-Vienna. Pp. 195-8. Wernery U, Kaaden O-R (2002f). Integumentum. In: Infectious Diseases in Camelids. Second edition, Blackwell Science, Berlin-Vienna. Pp. 134-48. Wernery U, Kaaden O-R (2002g). Leptospirosis. In: Infectious Diseases in Camelids. Second edition, Blackwell Science, Berlin-Vienna. Pp. 55-8. Wernery U, Kaaden O-R (2002h). Rabies. In: Infectious Diseases of Camelids. Second edition, Blackwell Science, Berlin-Vienna. Pp. 168-74. Wernery U, Kaaden O-R (2002i). Respiratory system. In: Infectious Diseases in Camelids. Second edition, Blackwell Science, Berlin-Vienna. Pp. 91-108. Wernery U, Kaaden O-R (2002j). Retroviral infections. In: Infectious Diseases in Camelids. Second edition, Blackwell Science, Berlin-Vienna. Pp. 217-9. Wernery U, Kaaden O-R (2002k). Rickettsial diseases. In: Infectious Diseases in Camelids. Second edition, , Blackwell Science, Berlin-Vienna. Pp. 59-65. Wernery U, Kaaden O-R (2002l). Tick-borne diseases: babesiois, theileriosis. In: Infectious Diseases in Camelids. Second edition, Blackwell Science, Berlin-Vienna. Pp. 286. Wernery U, Kaaden O-R (2002m). Vesicular stomatitis. In: Infectious Diseases in Camelids. Second edition, , Blackwell Science, Berlin-Vienna. Pp. 223-4. Wernery U, Kaaden O-R (2004). Foot and mouth disease in camelids: a review. Veterinary Journal, 168(2), 134-42. Worthington RW (2001). New Zealand is free from Q fever. Surveillance, 28(4), 3-4. 16 ● Import risk analysis: Llamas and alpacas from specified countries MAF Biosecurity New Zealand
6. African horse sickness virus 6.1. HAZARD IDENTIFICATION 6.1.1. Aetiological agent Family: Reoviridae; Genus: Orbivirus, Species: African horse sickness virus (AHSV). There are 9 serotypes of AHSV (Mertens et al 2005). 6.1.2. OIE list Listed as a disease of equidae. 6.1.3. New Zealand status Listed on the Unwanted Organisms Register as a notifiable organism. 6.1.4. Epidemiology African horse sickness (AHS) is an infectious but noncontagious viral disease affecting all species of equidae. Camels and dogs can also be infected. Humans are not natural hosts and it is not a zoonotic disease. The virus is transmitted by midges in the genus Culicoides with C. imicola and C. bolitinos considered to be the principal vectors (Sanchez-Vizcaino 2008). AHS is endemic in sub-Saharan central and east Africa and sometimes spreads to southern Africa and occasionally to northern Africa and Mediterranean countries. Outbreaks have occurred in Europe (Spain, 1966, 1987-1990 and Portugal, 1989) (Sanchez-Vizcaino 2008). The most serious infections occur in horses and mules. Zebras often do not show clinical signs of infection and are considered to be the natural reservoir hosts in Africa (Coetzer & Guthrie 2004; CFSPH 2006). Dogs may become naturally infected by consuming contaminated horse meat but play no role in the epidemiology of the disease (Coetzer & Guthrie 2004). Reports of infection in camels appear to be uncommon and infection is not associated with clinical disease (CFSPH 2006). Few details are available as to the level and duration of viremia in camels and their role, if any, in the epidemiology of AHS (Guthrie 2008). The OIE ad hoc group on Camelidae diseases considers that camelids could potentially act as carriers of the virus (OIE 2009). A Culicoides surveillance programme has been operating in New Zealand since 1991 (Ryan et al 1991). To date, seroconversion to arboviruses has not been detected in sentinel cattle and no Culicoides have been trapped (Tana & Holder 2008). AHS has not been associated with disease in camelids or camels. It is not known if any Camelidae develop a viraemia sufficient to infect feeding Culicoides. Imported camelids would not be able to infect other animals in New Zealand since the virus can only be transmitted by vectors that are not present. MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Import risk analysis: Llamas and alpacas from specified countries ● 17
Page 1 and 2: Import risk analysis: Llamas (Lama
Page 3 and 4: MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Pastora
Page 5 and 6: CONTENTS Executive Summary 1 1. Int
Page 7 and 8: Acronyms CDC United States Centers
Page 9 and 10: Executive Summary This risk analysi
Page 11 and 12: 1. Introduction The importation of
Page 13 and 14: Figure 1. The risk analysis process
Page 15 and 16: Following public consultation on th
Page 17 and 18: Disease agent Foot and mouth diseas
Page 19 and 20: Disease agent PROTOZOA Eimeria alpa
Page 21 and 22: Bacteria, rickettsias and spirochae
Page 23: McKenna PB (2009). An updated check
Page 27 and 28: 7. Bluetongue virus 7.1. HAZARD IDE
Page 29 and 30: 8. Borna virus 8.1. HAZARD IDENTIFI
Page 31 and 32: 8.2.2. Risk estimation Since entry
Page 33 and 34: It has been suggested that as many
Page 35 and 36: Therefore, since the the consequenc
Page 37 and 38: Givens MD, Heath AM, Brock KV, Brod
Page 39 and 40: 10. Bovine herpesvirus type 1 10.1.
Page 41 and 42: 10.2.2. Exposure assessment Importe
Page 43 and 44: Bartha A, Haidu G, Aldassy P, Paczo
Page 45 and 46: 11. Epizootic haemorrhagic disease
Page 47 and 48: 12. Eastern equine encephalitis vir
Page 49 and 50: 13. Equine herpesvirus type 1 13.1.
Page 51 and 52: 13.2.2. Exposure assessment Assumin
Page 53 and 54: Davison AJ, Erberle R, Hayward GS,
Page 55 and 56: 1993). According to Fowler (1992),
Page 57 and 58: Veterinary Authorities should requi
Page 59 and 60: 15. Louping-ill virus 15.1. HAZARD
Page 61 and 62: 16. Rabies virus 16.1. HAZARD IDENT
Page 63 and 64: � Rabies is a serious zoonotic di
Page 65 and 66: 17. Vesicular stomatitis virus 17.1
Page 67 and 68: incubation period of the disease. T
Page 69 and 70: quarantined with protection from in
Page 71 and 72: Pharo HJ (1999). Vesicular stomatit
Page 73 and 74: 18.1.5. Hazard identification concl
Page 75 and 76:
necessarily be competent vectors, a
Page 77 and 78:
20. Bacillus anthracis 20.1. HAZARD
Page 79 and 80:
20.3. RISK MANAGEMENT 20.3.1. Optio
Page 81 and 82:
21. Brucella spp. 21.1. HAZARD IDEN
Page 83 and 84:
21.2.4. Risk estimation Since entry
Page 85 and 86:
Gilsdorf MJ, Thoen CO, Temple RM, G
Page 87 and 88:
References References marked * were
Page 89 and 90:
Serological tests include the compl
Page 91 and 92:
with negative results using the com
Page 93 and 94:
24. Coxiella burnetii 24.1. HAZARD
Page 95 and 96:
� Although quarantine is not suit
Page 97 and 98:
25. Leptospira serovars 25.1. HAZAR
Page 99 and 100:
immune response is a low titre that
Page 101 and 102:
Retention of this empty Chapter, wi
Page 103 and 104:
26. Mycobacterium bovis 26.1. HAZAR
Page 105 and 106:
26.3. RISK MANAGEMENT 26.3.1. Optio
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
without any measures for detecting
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Animals become septicaemic a few ho
Page 115 and 116:
29. Salmonella spp. 29.1. HAZARD ID
Page 117 and 118:
animals and sporadic cases of salmo
Page 119 and 120:
Hansen KR, Nielsen LR, Lind P (2006
Page 121 and 122:
Camelidae diseases, or as transmitt
Page 123 and 124:
32. Trypanosoma spp. 32.1. HAZARD I
Page 125 and 126:
T. evansi and T. vivax occur in Sou
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5. Animals to be imported could be
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(Kittelberger et al 2002) and is th
Page 131 and 132:
� The role of an IHS is to specif
Page 133 and 134:
34. Internal parasites 34.1. HAZARD
Page 135 and 136:
34.1.4.2. Trematodes The following
Page 137 and 138:
34.2.4. Risk estimation Since entry
Page 139 and 140:
35. Mites, lice and fleas 35.1. HAZ
Page 141 and 142:
35.2. RISK ASSESSMENT 35.2.1. Entry
Page 143 and 144:
N.B. This measure reflects the curr
Page 145 and 146:
Hard ticks (Ixodidae) have a lifecy
Page 147 and 148:
1. Camelids could be treated with p
Page 149 and 150:
the Eastern Cape and North-West Pro
Page 151 and 152:
The larvae reach maturity about 4-8
Page 153 and 154:
exploration, debriding and flushing
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a. all animals have been re-examine
Page 157 and 158:
38. Weeds and seeds 38.1. HAZARD ID
Page 159 and 160:
edding materials include wood shavi
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