Import risk analysis: Llamas (Lama glama) and alpacas (Vicugna ...

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22. Burkholderia pseudomallei 22.1. HAZARD IDENTIFICATION 22.1.1. Aetiological agent Burkholderia pseudomallei is a gram-negative bacterium. 22.1.2. OIE list Not listed. 22.1.3. New Zealand status The organism does not occur in New Zealand. A single introduced human case of melioidosis has been reported (Corkill & Cornere 1987). 22.1.4. Epidemiology Melioidosis is a disease of humans and animals that occurs predominantly in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia and northern Australia and in some foci in Africa (Groves & Harrington 1994; Inglis 2004; Inglis et al 2004). It has been reported to occur in pigs as far south as south eastern Queensland (Ketterer et al 1986). The aetiological agent occurs in the environment and is widely distributed in water and soil (Sprague & Neubauer 2004). In Thailand, two thirds of paddy fields are infected with the organism and antibodies to the organisms are found in 80 % of children under 4 years old. However, avirulent cross reacting organisms are also found in the environment (Dance 2000). It has been transmitted to animals via oral mucosa, nasal mucosa, ingestion, parental inoculation, and skin scarification (Groves & Harrington 1994). Infection in natural cases is by contact with infected water and mud especially through abrasions and wounds. Water was implicated as a possible source of infections in six locations in one study (Dance 2000; Inglis et al 2004). In animals, clinical melioidosis is most commonly seen in sheep, goats and swine. The agent may cause a wide variety of signs and lesions, varying from septicaemia and acute respiratory infections to localized abscesses. In humans, B. pseudomallei primarily infects hosts with impaired immunity and is believed to have a low disease-causing potential in healthy hosts. Disease does not spread from person to person (Cheng & Currie 2005). Transmission from animal to animal has not been described. There are several reports of infection of dromedary camels in Australia (Bergin & Torenbeeck 1991; Choy et al 2000; Forbes-Faulkner et al 1992). According to Wernery and Kaaden (2002), Curasson reported in 1947 that camelids were susceptible. A case of melioidosis was reported in an alpaca in Australia (Janmaat et al 2004). 22.1.5. Hazard identification conclusion B. pseudomallei is found very widely in the environment in tropical and subtropical areas, but has not established in temperate climates. It appears to be an opportunistic pathogen and direct transmission from animal to animal does not occur. Therefore, it is not considered to be a potential hazard in the commodity. 78 ● Import risk analysis: Llamas and alpacas from specified countries MAF Biosecurity New Zealand
References References marked * were sighted as abstracts in electronic data-bases. Bergin TJ, Torenbeeck LR (1991). Melioidosis in camels. Australian Veterinary Journal, 68(9), 309. Cheng AC, Currie BJ (2005). Melioidosis: epidemiology, pathophysiology and management. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 18(2), 383-416.* Choy JL, Mayo M, Janmaat A, Currie BJ (2000). Animal melioidosis in Australia. Acta Tropica, 74(2-3), 153- 8.* Corkill MM, Cornere B (1987). Melioidosis: a new disease in New Zealand. New Zealand Medical Journal, 100, 106-7. Dance DAB (2000). Ecology of Burkholderia psuedomallei and the interaction between environmental Burkholderia spp. and human-animal hosts. Acta Tropica, 74(2-3), 159-68.* Forbes-Faulkner JC, Townsend WL, Thomas AD (1992). Pseudomonas pseudomallei infection in camels. Australian Veterinary Journal, 69(6), 148. Groves MG, Harrington KS (1994). Glanders and melioidosis. In: Beran GW (eds), Handbook of Zoonoses Section A: Bacterial, Rickettsial, Chlamydial and Mycotic. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Pp. 149-65. Inglis TJJ (2004). Melioidosis in man and other animals: epidemiology, ecology and pathogenesis. Veterinary Bulletin, 74(10), 39N-48N. Inglis TJJ, Foster NF, Gal D, Powell K, Mayo M, Norton R, Currie BJ (2004). Preliminary report on the northern Australian melioidosis environmental surveillance project. Epidemiology and Infection, 132(5), 813- 20.* Janmaat A, Choy JL, Currie BJ (2004). Melioidosis in an alpaca (Lama pacos). Australian Veterinary Journal, 82(10), 622-3. Ketterer PJ, Webster WR, Shield J, Arthur RJ, Blackall PJ, Thomas AD (1986). Melioidosis in intensive piggeries in south eastern Queensland. Australian Veterinary Journal, 63(5), 146-9. Sprague LD, Neubauer H (2004). Melioidosis in animals: A review on epizootiology, diagnosis and clinical presentation. Journal of Veterinary Medicine B, Infectious Diseases and Public Health, 51(7), 305-20.* MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Import risk analysis: Llamas and alpacas from specified countries ● 79
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Import risk analysis: Llamas (Lama
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MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Pastora
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CONTENTS Executive Summary 1 1. Int
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Acronyms CDC United States Centers
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Executive Summary This risk analysi
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1. Introduction The importation of
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Figure 1. The risk analysis process
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Following public consultation on th
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Disease agent Foot and mouth diseas
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Disease agent PROTOZOA Eimeria alpa
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Bacteria, rickettsias and spirochae
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McKenna PB (2009). An updated check
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6. African horse sickness virus 6.1
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7. Bluetongue virus 7.1. HAZARD IDE
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8. Borna virus 8.1. HAZARD IDENTIFI
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8.2.2. Risk estimation Since entry
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It has been suggested that as many
Page 35 and 36: Therefore, since the the consequenc
Page 37 and 38: Givens MD, Heath AM, Brock KV, Brod
Page 39 and 40: 10. Bovine herpesvirus type 1 10.1.
Page 41 and 42: 10.2.2. Exposure assessment Importe
Page 43 and 44: Bartha A, Haidu G, Aldassy P, Paczo
Page 45 and 46: 11. Epizootic haemorrhagic disease
Page 47 and 48: 12. Eastern equine encephalitis vir
Page 49 and 50: 13. Equine herpesvirus type 1 13.1.
Page 51 and 52: 13.2.2. Exposure assessment Assumin
Page 53 and 54: Davison AJ, Erberle R, Hayward GS,
Page 55 and 56: 1993). According to Fowler (1992),
Page 57 and 58: Veterinary Authorities should requi
Page 59 and 60: 15. Louping-ill virus 15.1. HAZARD
Page 61 and 62: 16. Rabies virus 16.1. HAZARD IDENT
Page 63 and 64: � Rabies is a serious zoonotic di
Page 65 and 66: 17. Vesicular stomatitis virus 17.1
Page 67 and 68: incubation period of the disease. T
Page 69 and 70: quarantined with protection from in
Page 71 and 72: Pharo HJ (1999). Vesicular stomatit
Page 73 and 74: 18.1.5. Hazard identification concl
Page 75 and 76: necessarily be competent vectors, a
Page 77 and 78: 20. Bacillus anthracis 20.1. HAZARD
Page 79 and 80: 20.3. RISK MANAGEMENT 20.3.1. Optio
Page 81 and 82: 21. Brucella spp. 21.1. HAZARD IDEN
Page 83 and 84: 21.2.4. Risk estimation Since entry
Page 85: Gilsdorf MJ, Thoen CO, Temple RM, G
Page 89 and 90: Serological tests include the compl
Page 91 and 92: with negative results using the com
Page 93 and 94: 24. Coxiella burnetii 24.1. HAZARD
Page 95 and 96: � Although quarantine is not suit
Page 97 and 98: 25. Leptospira serovars 25.1. HAZAR
Page 99 and 100: immune response is a low titre that
Page 101 and 102: Retention of this empty Chapter, wi
Page 103 and 104: 26. Mycobacterium bovis 26.1. HAZAR
Page 105 and 106: 26.3. RISK MANAGEMENT 26.3.1. Optio
Page 107 and 108: References References marked * were
Page 109 and 110: without any measures for detecting
Page 111 and 112: References References marked * were
Page 113 and 114: Animals become septicaemic a few ho
Page 115 and 116: 29. Salmonella spp. 29.1. HAZARD ID
Page 117 and 118: animals and sporadic cases of salmo
Page 119 and 120: Hansen KR, Nielsen LR, Lind P (2006
Page 121 and 122: Camelidae diseases, or as transmitt
Page 123 and 124: 32. Trypanosoma spp. 32.1. HAZARD I
Page 125 and 126: T. evansi and T. vivax occur in Sou
Page 127 and 128: 5. Animals to be imported could be
Page 129 and 130: (Kittelberger et al 2002) and is th
Page 131 and 132: � The role of an IHS is to specif
Page 133 and 134: 34. Internal parasites 34.1. HAZARD
Page 135 and 136: 34.1.4.2. Trematodes The following
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34.2.4. Risk estimation Since entry
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35. Mites, lice and fleas 35.1. HAZ
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35.2. RISK ASSESSMENT 35.2.1. Entry
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N.B. This measure reflects the curr
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Hard ticks (Ixodidae) have a lifecy
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1. Camelids could be treated with p
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the Eastern Cape and North-West Pro
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The larvae reach maturity about 4-8
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exploration, debriding and flushing
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a. all animals have been re-examine
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38. Weeds and seeds 38.1. HAZARD ID
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edding materials include wood shavi
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