Import risk analysis: Llamas (Lama glama) and alpacas (Vicugna ...

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Kittelberger R, Reichel MP, Jenner J, Heath DD, Lightowlers MW, Moro P, Ibrahem MM, Craig PS, O'Keefe JS (2002). Evaluation of three enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for the detection of serum antibodies in sheep infected with Echinococcus granulosus. Veterinary Parasitology, 110(1-2), 57-76. Lavikainen A, Lehtinen MJ, Laaksonen S, Agren E, Oksanen A, Meri S (2006). Molecular characterization of Echinococcus isolates of cervid origin from Finland and Sweden. Parasitology, 133(Pt 5), 565-70.* Oudni-M'rad M, Cabaret J, M'Rad S, Bouzid W, Mekki M, Belguith M, Sayadi T, Nouri A, Lahmar S, Azaiez R, Mezhoud H, Babba H (2006). Genetic differences between Tunisian camel and sheep strains of the cestode Echinococcus granulosus revealed by SSCP. Parasite, 13(2), 131-6.* Pharo H (2002). New Zealand declares 'provisional freedom' from hydatids. Surveillance, 29(3), 3-7. MoH (2009). Notifiable diseases. Available at: http://www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf/wpg_index/Aboutnotifiable+diseases, downloaded 7/10/2009. 124 ● Import risk analysis: Llamas and alpacas from specified countries MAF Biosecurity New Zealand
34. Internal parasites 34.1. HAZARD IDENTIFICATION 34.1.1. Aetiological agent All nematode, trematode and cestode parasites (except Echinococcus granulosus) of camelids (see Section 34.1.4 for details). 34.1.2. OIE list Internal parasites are not listed in the Code, except for E. granulosus which is considered in the previous section of this risk analysis. 34.1.3. New Zealand status The parasites known to occur in New Zealand have recently been compiled into an updated check-list (McKenna 2009). This check-list is used in this section to determine which parasites are present in New Zealand. 34.1.4. Epidemiology 34.1.4.1. Nematodes A large number of nematode parasites have been identified in camelids and undoubtedly more will be identified in the future. Three sources were consulted to make a list of parasites for consideration. Taylor et al (2007) list 18 species of parasites identified to species or genus level (Taylor et al 2007j), Wernery and Kaaden list 21 (Wernery & Kaaden 2002) and Fowler lists 25 (Fowler 1992). Some are parasites of camelids but many are also parasites of cattle, sheep and other animals. The parasites listed in the above sources were compared to the list of those identified in New Zealand (McKenna 2009) to determine which are exotic. It was concluded that the following have not been identified in New Zealand: Angiostrongylus cantonensis Graphinema aucheniae Marshallagia marshalli Nematodirus lamae Spiculopteragia peruvianus Thelazia californiensis Parelaphostrongylus tenuis Angiostrongylus cantonensis has been found in the lungs of an alpaca. It is described as a lung parasite of rats and sometimes humans. It has an indirect lifecycle requiring development in a snail and ingestion of a snail by the final host. Diagnosis of infection can be made by demonstration of eggs in faeces (Taylor et al 2007a). It is probably rare in camelids and of little importance since it is primarily a parasite of rats and only incidentally of other animals. MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Import risk analysis: Llamas and alpacas from specified countries ● 125
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Import risk analysis: Llamas (Lama
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MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Pastora
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CONTENTS Executive Summary 1 1. Int
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Acronyms CDC United States Centers
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Executive Summary This risk analysi
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1. Introduction The importation of
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Figure 1. The risk analysis process
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Following public consultation on th
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Disease agent Foot and mouth diseas
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Disease agent PROTOZOA Eimeria alpa
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Bacteria, rickettsias and spirochae
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McKenna PB (2009). An updated check
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6. African horse sickness virus 6.1
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7. Bluetongue virus 7.1. HAZARD IDE
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8. Borna virus 8.1. HAZARD IDENTIFI
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8.2.2. Risk estimation Since entry
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It has been suggested that as many
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Therefore, since the the consequenc
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Givens MD, Heath AM, Brock KV, Brod
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10. Bovine herpesvirus type 1 10.1.
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10.2.2. Exposure assessment Importe
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Bartha A, Haidu G, Aldassy P, Paczo
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11. Epizootic haemorrhagic disease
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12. Eastern equine encephalitis vir
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13. Equine herpesvirus type 1 13.1.
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13.2.2. Exposure assessment Assumin
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Davison AJ, Erberle R, Hayward GS,
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1993). According to Fowler (1992),
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Veterinary Authorities should requi
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15. Louping-ill virus 15.1. HAZARD
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16. Rabies virus 16.1. HAZARD IDENT
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� Rabies is a serious zoonotic di
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17. Vesicular stomatitis virus 17.1
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incubation period of the disease. T
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quarantined with protection from in
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Pharo HJ (1999). Vesicular stomatit
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18.1.5. Hazard identification concl
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necessarily be competent vectors, a
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20. Bacillus anthracis 20.1. HAZARD
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20.3. RISK MANAGEMENT 20.3.1. Optio
Page 81 and 82: 21. Brucella spp. 21.1. HAZARD IDEN
Page 83 and 84: 21.2.4. Risk estimation Since entry
Page 85 and 86: Gilsdorf MJ, Thoen CO, Temple RM, G
Page 87 and 88: References References marked * were
Page 89 and 90: Serological tests include the compl
Page 91 and 92: with negative results using the com
Page 93 and 94: 24. Coxiella burnetii 24.1. HAZARD
Page 95 and 96: � Although quarantine is not suit
Page 97 and 98: 25. Leptospira serovars 25.1. HAZAR
Page 99 and 100: immune response is a low titre that
Page 101 and 102: Retention of this empty Chapter, wi
Page 103 and 104: 26. Mycobacterium bovis 26.1. HAZAR
Page 105 and 106: 26.3. RISK MANAGEMENT 26.3.1. Optio
Page 109 and 110: without any measures for detecting
Page 113 and 114: Animals become septicaemic a few ho
Page 115 and 116: 29. Salmonella spp. 29.1. HAZARD ID
Page 117 and 118: animals and sporadic cases of salmo
Page 119 and 120: Hansen KR, Nielsen LR, Lind P (2006
Page 121 and 122: Camelidae diseases, or as transmitt
Page 123 and 124: 32. Trypanosoma spp. 32.1. HAZARD I
Page 125 and 126: T. evansi and T. vivax occur in Sou
Page 127 and 128: 5. Animals to be imported could be
Page 129 and 130: (Kittelberger et al 2002) and is th
Page 131: � The role of an IHS is to specif
Page 135 and 136: 34.1.4.2. Trematodes The following
Page 137 and 138: 34.2.4. Risk estimation Since entry
Page 139 and 140: 35. Mites, lice and fleas 35.1. HAZ
Page 141 and 142: 35.2. RISK ASSESSMENT 35.2.1. Entry
Page 143 and 144: N.B. This measure reflects the curr
Page 145 and 146: Hard ticks (Ixodidae) have a lifecy
Page 147 and 148: 1. Camelids could be treated with p
Page 149 and 150: the Eastern Cape and North-West Pro
Page 151 and 152: The larvae reach maturity about 4-8
Page 153 and 154: exploration, debriding and flushing
Page 155 and 156: a. all animals have been re-examine
Page 157 and 158: 38. Weeds and seeds 38.1. HAZARD ID
Page 159 and 160: edding materials include wood shavi
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