Import risk analysis: Llamas (Lama glama) and alpacas (Vicugna ...

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� Acute infections are generally subclinical and chronically infected animals are likely to be latent carriers of the virus. � Latent infections may persist for the life of the animal. Therefore quarantine is not an option for preventing introduction of the virus. � The Manual recommends the virus neutralisation test and various ELISAs as prescribed tests for international trade. These have been developed for use in cattle, but have also been applied to camelids B . These tests do not distinguish between antibodies induced by different BHV-1 strains. As a result, any animal that is serologically positive could be considered infected with an exotic strain. � For trade, demonstrating absence of infection is necessary and positive animals should not be eligible for importation. The Manual states that the immune response develops in 7-10 days and it is presumed the immune response persists for life, although it may fall below the detectable limit of some tests. To detect recently infected animals, testing should be carried out after ata least 10 days in quarantine to allow for antibody development. � The Code considers the clinical syndromes of IBR and IPV in cattle, but there are no international standards that are applicable when trading camelids. One or a combination of the following measures could be considered in order to effectively manage the risks. 1. Since camelids appear to be very rarely affected by BHV-1, and it has not been conclusively shown that they are capable of transmitting infection to other susceptible animals, it could be considered that no measures are necessary. 2. Camelids could be subjected to a period of PEQ with serological testing to be carried out at least 10 days after entering the facility, with negative results. 3. Camelids could be imported from countries that are considered free from BHV-1.1 and BHV- 1.2a. References Animal Health Australia (2010). Animal Health in Australia Report. Available at: http://www.animalhealthaustralia.com.au/status/ahia.cfm [Accessed 12th November 2010]. Babuik TA, Van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S, Tikoo SK (2004). Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/pustular vulvovaginitis and infectious pustular balanoposthitis. In: Coetzer JAW, Tustin RC (eds) Infectious Diseases of Livestock. Oxford University Press, Cape Town, pp. 875-86. Barenfus M, Delliquadri CA, McIntyre RW, Schroeder RJ (1963). Isolation of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus from calves with meningoencephalitis. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 143, 725-8. B Personal communication with Wlodek Stanislawek, virology scientist at Wallaceville diagnostic laboratory 13/8/10. 34 ● Import risk analysis: Llamas and alpacas from specified countries MAF Biosecurity New Zealand
Bartha A, Haidu G, Aldassy P, Paczolay G (1969). Occurrence of encephalmyelitis caused by infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus in calves in Hungary. Acta veterinaria Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 19, 145-51. Brake F, Studdert MJ (1985). Molecular epidemiology and pathogenesis of ruminant herpesviruses including bovine, buffalo and caprine herpesviruses l and bovine encephalitis herpesvirus. Australian Veterinary Journal, 62(10), 331-4. Davison AJ, Erberle R, Hayward GS, McGeogh DJ, Minson AC, Pellett PE, Roizman B, Studdert MJ, Thiry E (2005). Family Herpesvirinae. In: Fauquet CM, Mayo MA, Maniloff J, Desselberger U, Ball LA (eds) Eighth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, Elsevier Academic Press, Amsterdam. Pp. 193-212. Delhon G, Moraes MP, Lu Z, Afonso CL, Flores EF, Weiblen R, Kutish GF, Rock DL (2003). Genome of bovine herpesvirus 5. Journal of Virology, 77(19), 10339-47. Durham PJK, Forbes-Faulkner JC, Poole WSH (1975). Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis: Experimental attempts at inducing bovine abortion with a New Zealand isolate. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 23, 93-4. Engels M, Steck F, Wyler R (1981). Comparison of the genomes of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) and infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IPV) strains by restriction enzyme analysis of their genomes. Archives of Virology, 67(2), 169-74. Fairley RA (1996). Respiratory diseases of New Zealand cattle. Surveillance, 23(4), 15-6. Gough A, James D (1975). Isolation of IBR virus from a heifer with meningoencephalitis. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 16(10), 313-4. Horner GW (1990). Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in New Zealand. Surveillance, 17(2), 25-6. MAF (2009). Unwanted Organisms Register. Available at: http://mafuwsp6.maf.govt.nz/uor/searchframe.htm, [Accessed 9/9/2009]. Miller JM, Whetstone CA, Van der Maaten MJ (1991). Abortifacient property of bovine herpesvirus type 1 isolates that represent three subtypes determined by restriction endonuclease analysis of viral DNA. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 52(2), 458-61. Moretti B, Orfei Z, Mondino G, Persechino A (1964). Isolation of the Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) Virus in Italy. (Preliminary Note). Nuovi annali d'igiene e microbiologia, 15, 18-22. Neilson FJA, Grace PJ (1988). Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis is widespread in New Zealand. Surveillance, 15(2), 29. OIE (2008). Report of the meeting of the ad hoc group on Camelidae diseases. Available at: http://www.oie.int/downld/SC/2008/A_Diseases_Camelides_july08.pdf, [Accessed 1/7/2009]. Puntel M, Fondevila NA, Blanco Viera J, O'Donnell VK, Marcovecchio JF (1999). Serological survey of viral antibodies in llamas in Argentina. Journal of Veterinary Medicine B, Infectious Diseases and Public Health, 46, 157-61. Straub OC (1990). Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. In: Dinter Z, Morein B (eds) Virus Infections of Ruminants, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Pp. 71-108. van Oirschot JT (1995). Bovine herpesvirus in semen of bulls and the risk of transmission: a brief review. Veterinary Quarterly, 17(1), 29-33. MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Import risk analysis: Llamas and alpacas from specified countries ● 35
Page 1 and 2: Import risk analysis: Llamas (Lama
Page 3 and 4: MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Pastora
Page 5 and 6: CONTENTS Executive Summary 1 1. Int
Page 7 and 8: Acronyms CDC United States Centers
Page 9 and 10: Executive Summary This risk analysi
Page 11 and 12: 1. Introduction The importation of
Page 13 and 14: Figure 1. The risk analysis process
Page 15 and 16: Following public consultation on th
Page 17 and 18: Disease agent Foot and mouth diseas
Page 19 and 20: Disease agent PROTOZOA Eimeria alpa
Page 21 and 22: Bacteria, rickettsias and spirochae
Page 23 and 24: McKenna PB (2009). An updated check
Page 25 and 26: 6. African horse sickness virus 6.1
Page 27 and 28: 7. Bluetongue virus 7.1. HAZARD IDE
Page 29 and 30: 8. Borna virus 8.1. HAZARD IDENTIFI
Page 31 and 32: 8.2.2. Risk estimation Since entry
Page 33 and 34: It has been suggested that as many
Page 35 and 36: Therefore, since the the consequenc
Page 37 and 38: Givens MD, Heath AM, Brock KV, Brod
Page 39 and 40: 10. Bovine herpesvirus type 1 10.1.
Page 41: 10.2.2. Exposure assessment Importe
Page 45 and 46: 11. Epizootic haemorrhagic disease
Page 47 and 48: 12. Eastern equine encephalitis vir
Page 49 and 50: 13. Equine herpesvirus type 1 13.1.
Page 51 and 52: 13.2.2. Exposure assessment Assumin
Page 53 and 54: Davison AJ, Erberle R, Hayward GS,
Page 55 and 56: 1993). According to Fowler (1992),
Page 57 and 58: Veterinary Authorities should requi
Page 59 and 60: 15. Louping-ill virus 15.1. HAZARD
Page 61 and 62: 16. Rabies virus 16.1. HAZARD IDENT
Page 63 and 64: � Rabies is a serious zoonotic di
Page 65 and 66: 17. Vesicular stomatitis virus 17.1
Page 67 and 68: incubation period of the disease. T
Page 69 and 70: quarantined with protection from in
Page 71 and 72: Pharo HJ (1999). Vesicular stomatit
Page 73 and 74: 18.1.5. Hazard identification concl
Page 75 and 76: necessarily be competent vectors, a
Page 77 and 78: 20. Bacillus anthracis 20.1. HAZARD
Page 79 and 80: 20.3. RISK MANAGEMENT 20.3.1. Optio
Page 81 and 82: 21. Brucella spp. 21.1. HAZARD IDEN
Page 83 and 84: 21.2.4. Risk estimation Since entry
Page 85 and 86: Gilsdorf MJ, Thoen CO, Temple RM, G
Page 87 and 88: References References marked * were
Page 89 and 90: Serological tests include the compl
Page 91 and 92: with negative results using the com
Page 93 and 94:
24. Coxiella burnetii 24.1. HAZARD
Page 95 and 96:
� Although quarantine is not suit
Page 97 and 98:
25. Leptospira serovars 25.1. HAZAR
Page 99 and 100:
immune response is a low titre that
Page 101 and 102:
Retention of this empty Chapter, wi
Page 103 and 104:
26. Mycobacterium bovis 26.1. HAZAR
Page 105 and 106:
26.3. RISK MANAGEMENT 26.3.1. Optio
Page 107 and 108:
References References marked * were
Page 109 and 110:
without any measures for detecting
Page 111 and 112:
References References marked * were
Page 113 and 114:
Animals become septicaemic a few ho
Page 115 and 116:
29. Salmonella spp. 29.1. HAZARD ID
Page 117 and 118:
animals and sporadic cases of salmo
Page 119 and 120:
Hansen KR, Nielsen LR, Lind P (2006
Page 121 and 122:
Camelidae diseases, or as transmitt
Page 123 and 124:
32. Trypanosoma spp. 32.1. HAZARD I
Page 125 and 126:
T. evansi and T. vivax occur in Sou
Page 127 and 128:
5. Animals to be imported could be
Page 129 and 130:
(Kittelberger et al 2002) and is th
Page 131 and 132:
� The role of an IHS is to specif
Page 133 and 134:
34. Internal parasites 34.1. HAZARD
Page 135 and 136:
34.1.4.2. Trematodes The following
Page 137 and 138:
34.2.4. Risk estimation Since entry
Page 139 and 140:
35. Mites, lice and fleas 35.1. HAZ
Page 141 and 142:
35.2. RISK ASSESSMENT 35.2.1. Entry
Page 143 and 144:
N.B. This measure reflects the curr
Page 145 and 146:
Hard ticks (Ixodidae) have a lifecy
Page 147 and 148:
1. Camelids could be treated with p
Page 149 and 150:
the Eastern Cape and North-West Pro
Page 151 and 152:
The larvae reach maturity about 4-8
Page 153 and 154:
exploration, debriding and flushing
Page 155 and 156:
a. all animals have been re-examine
Page 157 and 158:
38. Weeds and seeds 38.1. HAZARD ID
Page 159 and 160:
edding materials include wood shavi
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