Import risk analysis: Llamas (Lama glama) and alpacas (Vicugna ...

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OIE (2008c). World Animal Health Information Database (WAHID) Interface. Available at: http://www.oie.int/wahid-prod/public.php?page=home, downloaded 11/2/2009. Srivastava SK, Kumar AA, Chaudhuri P, Yadav MP (2008). Haemorrhagic septicaemia. In: Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals, sixth edition, OIE, Paris, Vol. 2, Pp. 739-51. 106 ● Import risk analysis: Llamas and alpacas from specified countries MAF Biosecurity New Zealand
29. Salmonella spp. 29.1. HAZARD IDENTIFICATION 29.1.1. Aetiological agent There are approximately 2,500 known serovars in the Salmonella genus (Davies 2008). All organisms considered in this section belong to the species enterica and the subspecies enterica except for Salmonella arizonae, which belongs to the subspecies arizonae. Using correct conventions, the names of serovars such as Dublin and Typhimurium, which do not have species status, should not be italicised. The correct name for the serovar Typhimurium is Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium. However, in this risk analysis the simplified form Salmonella Typhimurium is used. Phage typing of Salmonella serovars is also commonly used to classify strains. The definitive phage type number is given after the serovar name e.g. Salmonella Typhimurium DT104. 29.1.2. OIE list Only Salmonella Abortusovis, Salmonella Pullorum and Salmonella Gallinarum are listed. 29.1.3. New Zealand status Salmonella Abortusovis, Salmonella arizonae, Salmonella Dublin, Salmonella Enteritidis DT4, Salmonella Gallinarum, Salmonella Pullorum, Salmonella Typhimurium DT44 and DT104 and salmonellae (exotic affecting animals), are listed as unwanted organisms (MAF 2009). Salmonellae isolated in New Zealand are identified to serovar and phage type by the Environmental Science and Research (ESR) laboratory and recorded on a database (ESR 2009). Isolations from both medical and animal health laboratories are included. In 2008 there were 1399 isolates from humans and 1349 isolates from non-human sources (mainly animals). The most common serotype isolated from both human and non-human sources was S.Typhimurium. S. Typhimurium DT104 is of particular importance because it exhibits multiple resistance to the commonly used antibiotics and is a threat to human health (Hogue et al 1997; Jones et al 2002; Plagemann 1989). In 2008 the definitive phage types DT104 and DT44 were not isolated from humans or animals. 29.1.4. Epidemiology There is little specific information about Salmonella infections in camelids. In an extensive review up to 2002, Wernery and Kaaden (2002) mention only one report of salmonellosis in camelids. No salmonellae were isolated from 45 crias with diarrhoea and 268 llamas from 29 properties (Rulofson et al 2001; Cebra et al 2003). The first report of enteric salmonellosis in New World camelids appeared in 2004, a case of suppurative hepatitis in an alpaca associated with S. Typhimurium (Saulez et al 2004). Other forms of salmonellosis in camelids include meningitis in a newborn alpaca caused by S. Newport (D'Alterio et al 2003) and two cases of septicaemic salmonellosis caused by S. Choleraesuis and S. Typhimurium (Anderson et al 1995). Salmonellosis has been suggested as a cause of neonatal mortality in crias (Tibary et al 2006). MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Import risk analysis: Llamas and alpacas from specified countries ● 107
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Import risk analysis: Llamas (Lama
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MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Pastora
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CONTENTS Executive Summary 1 1. Int
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Acronyms CDC United States Centers
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Executive Summary This risk analysi
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1. Introduction The importation of
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Figure 1. The risk analysis process
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Following public consultation on th
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Disease agent Foot and mouth diseas
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Disease agent PROTOZOA Eimeria alpa
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Bacteria, rickettsias and spirochae
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McKenna PB (2009). An updated check
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6. African horse sickness virus 6.1
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7. Bluetongue virus 7.1. HAZARD IDE
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8. Borna virus 8.1. HAZARD IDENTIFI
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8.2.2. Risk estimation Since entry
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It has been suggested that as many
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Therefore, since the the consequenc
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Givens MD, Heath AM, Brock KV, Brod
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10. Bovine herpesvirus type 1 10.1.
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10.2.2. Exposure assessment Importe
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Bartha A, Haidu G, Aldassy P, Paczo
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11. Epizootic haemorrhagic disease
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12. Eastern equine encephalitis vir
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13. Equine herpesvirus type 1 13.1.
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13.2.2. Exposure assessment Assumin
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Davison AJ, Erberle R, Hayward GS,
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1993). According to Fowler (1992),
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Veterinary Authorities should requi
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15. Louping-ill virus 15.1. HAZARD
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16. Rabies virus 16.1. HAZARD IDENT
Page 63 and 64: � Rabies is a serious zoonotic di
Page 65 and 66: 17. Vesicular stomatitis virus 17.1
Page 67 and 68: incubation period of the disease. T
Page 69 and 70: quarantined with protection from in
Page 71 and 72: Pharo HJ (1999). Vesicular stomatit
Page 73 and 74: 18.1.5. Hazard identification concl
Page 75 and 76: necessarily be competent vectors, a
Page 77 and 78: 20. Bacillus anthracis 20.1. HAZARD
Page 79 and 80: 20.3. RISK MANAGEMENT 20.3.1. Optio
Page 81 and 82: 21. Brucella spp. 21.1. HAZARD IDEN
Page 83 and 84: 21.2.4. Risk estimation Since entry
Page 85 and 86: Gilsdorf MJ, Thoen CO, Temple RM, G
Page 87 and 88: References References marked * were
Page 89 and 90: Serological tests include the compl
Page 91 and 92: with negative results using the com
Page 93 and 94: 24. Coxiella burnetii 24.1. HAZARD
Page 95 and 96: � Although quarantine is not suit
Page 97 and 98: 25. Leptospira serovars 25.1. HAZAR
Page 99 and 100: immune response is a low titre that
Page 101 and 102: Retention of this empty Chapter, wi
Page 103 and 104: 26. Mycobacterium bovis 26.1. HAZAR
Page 105 and 106: 26.3. RISK MANAGEMENT 26.3.1. Optio
Page 109 and 110: without any measures for detecting
Page 113: Animals become septicaemic a few ho
Page 117 and 118: animals and sporadic cases of salmo
Page 119 and 120: Hansen KR, Nielsen LR, Lind P (2006
Page 121 and 122: Camelidae diseases, or as transmitt
Page 123 and 124: 32. Trypanosoma spp. 32.1. HAZARD I
Page 125 and 126: T. evansi and T. vivax occur in Sou
Page 127 and 128: 5. Animals to be imported could be
Page 129 and 130: (Kittelberger et al 2002) and is th
Page 131 and 132: � The role of an IHS is to specif
Page 133 and 134: 34. Internal parasites 34.1. HAZARD
Page 135 and 136: 34.1.4.2. Trematodes The following
Page 137 and 138: 34.2.4. Risk estimation Since entry
Page 139 and 140: 35. Mites, lice and fleas 35.1. HAZ
Page 141 and 142: 35.2. RISK ASSESSMENT 35.2.1. Entry
Page 143 and 144: N.B. This measure reflects the curr
Page 145 and 146: Hard ticks (Ixodidae) have a lifecy
Page 147 and 148: 1. Camelids could be treated with p
Page 149 and 150: the Eastern Cape and North-West Pro
Page 151 and 152: The larvae reach maturity about 4-8
Page 153 and 154: exploration, debriding and flushing
Page 155 and 156: a. all animals have been re-examine
Page 157 and 158: 38. Weeds and seeds 38.1. HAZARD ID
Page 159 and 160: edding materials include wood shavi
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