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Import risk analysis: Llamas (Lama glama) and alpacas (Vicugna ...

Import risk analysis: Llamas (Lama glama) and alpacas (Vicugna ...

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exploration, debriding <strong>and</strong> flushing. This would involve sedating or anaesthetising the<br />

animal (Merck 2006).<br />

Larvae of Wohlfahrtia species can be removed by coating the breathing pore with a thick,<br />

viscous compound, such as heavy oil, or liquid paraffin. Clogging the pore causes the larva<br />

to become hypoxic <strong>and</strong> leave the cavity in search of oxygen (Merck 2006).<br />

Camelids infested with Cephenemyia spp. have been treated with ivermectin administered<br />

subcutaneously, or with rafoxanide or trichlorfon administered as a drench which<br />

effectively removes the larvae (Wernery & Kaaden 2002).<br />

37.1.5. Hazard identification conclusion<br />

Myiasis is a debilitating, serious disease of warm-blooded animals. Cochliomyia<br />

hominivorax (NWS) is listed as an unwanted, notifiable organism. All the listed agents that<br />

cause myiasis are considered to be potential hazards.<br />

37.2. RISK ASSESSMENT<br />

37.2.1. Entry assessment<br />

Camelids coming from endemically affected countries could be infested with myiasis.<br />

Myiasis is generally clinically evident on careful examination of the skin, particularly<br />

under any matted fleece, open wounds <strong>and</strong> around body cavities. Some infested camelids<br />

may display clinical signs of respiratory disease, such as sneezing or nasal discharges<br />

indicating possible Cephenemyia infestation.<br />

Pre-export veterinary examination on the day of travel that certifies the animal is clinically<br />

healthy should exclude such infested animals from travel. However, the animal may be<br />

infested immediately prior to departure, or en-route to New Zeal<strong>and</strong> with clinically<br />

undetectable larvae. The likelihood that infested animals will be imported with myiasis is<br />

therefore assessed to be extremely low but non-negligible.<br />

37.2.2. Exposure assessment<br />

New Zeal<strong>and</strong> animals could become infested if larvae in infested imported animals were<br />

able to complete their lifecycle <strong>and</strong> the resulting adult flies mated sucessfully. However, it<br />

is unlikely larvae in imported camelids would leave their hosts naturally since infestation is<br />

clinically obvious, <strong>and</strong> veterinary treatment would most likely be sought. If veterinary<br />

intervention did not occur, New Zeal<strong>and</strong>’s climate is probably not suitable for the pupal<br />

development of the tropical myiasis fly species. Facultative myiasis-producing flies such as<br />

Lucilia spp, of which some are already present in New Zeal<strong>and</strong>, are more likely to<br />

establish. The likelihood that New Zeal<strong>and</strong> animals will be exposed to exotic myiasis is<br />

therefore assessed to be non-negligible.<br />

37.2.3. Consequence assessment<br />

If the parasites were to establish it would have severe economic effects on New Zeal<strong>and</strong>’s<br />

primary industries due to production losses <strong>and</strong> treatment costs.<br />

MAF Biosecurity New Zeal<strong>and</strong> <strong>Import</strong> <strong>risk</strong> <strong>analysis</strong>: <strong>Llamas</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>alpacas</strong> from specified countries ● 145

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