Import risk analysis: Llamas (Lama glama) and alpacas (Vicugna ...

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32.3. RISK MANAGEMENT 32.3.1. Options The following points were considered when drafting options for the effective management of T. evansi and T. vivax in the commodity: � The disease may be chronic and during periods of remission infected animals may show no signs of disease. Therefore, quarantine alone is not a reliable method to prevent entry of the organisms. However, quarantine and testing in insect-free premises could help ensure that animals are not incubating the disease when imported. � There are no vaccines or treatments suitable for use when importing animals. � A number of test options are available for the diagnosis of infection in both acutely and chronically infected animals. � There are no Code chapters relating to surra or trypanosomosis caused by T. vivax, but T. evansi is covered in the Manual. Diagnosis of surra is usually based on the demonstration of the parasites in the blood, supplemented by serological tests. One or a combination of the following measures could be considered in order to effectively manage the risks. 1. Camelids could be introduced without restrictions. N.B. This measure assumes that camelids cannot carry either of the trypanosomes and/or that they could not establish in New Zealand. This measure would be further supported by the fact that both T. evansi and T. vivax have remained confined to certain tropical and subtropical countries and have never occurred in temperate climates. 2. As close as practicably possible to the date of departure, animals could undergo direct examination of the blood by a concentration method recommended in the Manual, with no parasites observed. 3. Animals to be imported could undergo a sensitive serological test (e.g. ELISA) for T. evansi and T. vivax within 1 week of shipment. N.B. The above two measures ( 2 and 3) are usually combined to diagnose infection. 4. Animals to be imported could be isolated in insect-free premises for 4 weeks and tested by a sensitive serological test (e.g. ELISA) for T. evansi and T. vivax within 1 week of shipment. N.B. In this case animals that are incubating the infection and are serologically negative when introduced into quarantine premises would seroconvert and be detected before shipment. 118 ● Import risk analysis: Llamas and alpacas from specified countries MAF Biosecurity New Zealand
5. Animals to be imported could be isolated in insect-free premises for 4 weeks and tested by a sensitive serological test (e.g. ELISA) and by PCR for T. evansi and T. vivax within 1 week of shipment. N.B. Using a diagnostic test to detect antibody and one to detect parasite DNA would increase the sensitivity of the testing procedure. References References marked * were sighted as abstracts in electronic data-bases. DAFF (2007). Surra. Available at: http://www.daff.gov.au/animal-plant-health/pests-diseasesweeds/animal/surra, downloaded 9/9/2009. Connor RJ, Van den Bossche P (2004). African animal trypanosomoses. In: Coetzer JAW, Tustin RC (eds), Infectious Diseases of Livestock, Vol. 1, Oxford University Press, Cape Town. Pp. 251-96. Desquesnes M (2008). Trypanosomosis (Tsetse transmitted). In: Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals, OIE, Paris, Pp. 813-22. Fowler ME (1992). Infectious diseases. In: Medicine and Surgery of South American Camelids, Second edition. Blackwell Publishing, USA, Pp. 102-32. Krinsky WL (2009). True bugs (Hemiptera). In: Medical and Veterinary Entomology. Second edition, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Pp. 83-98. Luckins AG (2008). Trypanosoma evansi infections. In: Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals, OIE, Paris, Pp. 352-60. MAF (2009). Unwanted Organisms Register. Available at: http://mafuwsp6.maf.govt.nz/uor/searchframe.htm, downloaded 9/9/2009. Silva RAMS, Davila AMR (1996). Epizootics of Trypanosoma vivax in Bolivian lowlands and Pantanal region, Brazil. Proceedings of the first internet conference on Salivarian trypanosomes (FAO animal production and health paper 136). Available at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/w5781e/w5781e00.HTM, downloaded 9/9/2009. Silva RAMS, Davila AMR (2001). Bovine trypanosomosis due to Trypanosoma vivax in the German Bush province, Bolivia. Parasitología al día, 25(1-2).* Uilenberg G (1998). A field guide for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of African animal trypanosomosis. Chapter 5, Non tsetse transmitted trypanosomes. Available at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/X0413E/X0413E00.HTM, downloaded 9/9/2009. MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Import risk analysis: Llamas and alpacas from specified countries ● 119
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Import risk analysis: Llamas (Lama
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MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Pastora
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CONTENTS Executive Summary 1 1. Int
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Acronyms CDC United States Centers
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Executive Summary This risk analysi
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1. Introduction The importation of
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Figure 1. The risk analysis process
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Following public consultation on th
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Disease agent Foot and mouth diseas
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Disease agent PROTOZOA Eimeria alpa
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Bacteria, rickettsias and spirochae
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McKenna PB (2009). An updated check
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6. African horse sickness virus 6.1
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7. Bluetongue virus 7.1. HAZARD IDE
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8. Borna virus 8.1. HAZARD IDENTIFI
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8.2.2. Risk estimation Since entry
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It has been suggested that as many
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Therefore, since the the consequenc
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Givens MD, Heath AM, Brock KV, Brod
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10. Bovine herpesvirus type 1 10.1.
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10.2.2. Exposure assessment Importe
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Bartha A, Haidu G, Aldassy P, Paczo
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11. Epizootic haemorrhagic disease
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12. Eastern equine encephalitis vir
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13. Equine herpesvirus type 1 13.1.
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13.2.2. Exposure assessment Assumin
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Davison AJ, Erberle R, Hayward GS,
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1993). According to Fowler (1992),
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Veterinary Authorities should requi
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15. Louping-ill virus 15.1. HAZARD
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16. Rabies virus 16.1. HAZARD IDENT
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� Rabies is a serious zoonotic di
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17. Vesicular stomatitis virus 17.1
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incubation period of the disease. T
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quarantined with protection from in
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Pharo HJ (1999). Vesicular stomatit
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18.1.5. Hazard identification concl
Page 75 and 76: necessarily be competent vectors, a
Page 77 and 78: 20. Bacillus anthracis 20.1. HAZARD
Page 79 and 80: 20.3. RISK MANAGEMENT 20.3.1. Optio
Page 81 and 82: 21. Brucella spp. 21.1. HAZARD IDEN
Page 83 and 84: 21.2.4. Risk estimation Since entry
Page 85 and 86: Gilsdorf MJ, Thoen CO, Temple RM, G
Page 87 and 88: References References marked * were
Page 89 and 90: Serological tests include the compl
Page 91 and 92: with negative results using the com
Page 93 and 94: 24. Coxiella burnetii 24.1. HAZARD
Page 95 and 96: � Although quarantine is not suit
Page 97 and 98: 25. Leptospira serovars 25.1. HAZAR
Page 99 and 100: immune response is a low titre that
Page 101 and 102: Retention of this empty Chapter, wi
Page 103 and 104: 26. Mycobacterium bovis 26.1. HAZAR
Page 105 and 106: 26.3. RISK MANAGEMENT 26.3.1. Optio
Page 109 and 110: without any measures for detecting
Page 113 and 114: Animals become septicaemic a few ho
Page 115 and 116: 29. Salmonella spp. 29.1. HAZARD ID
Page 117 and 118: animals and sporadic cases of salmo
Page 119 and 120: Hansen KR, Nielsen LR, Lind P (2006
Page 121 and 122: Camelidae diseases, or as transmitt
Page 123 and 124: 32. Trypanosoma spp. 32.1. HAZARD I
Page 125: T. evansi and T. vivax occur in Sou
Page 129 and 130: (Kittelberger et al 2002) and is th
Page 131 and 132: � The role of an IHS is to specif
Page 133 and 134: 34. Internal parasites 34.1. HAZARD
Page 135 and 136: 34.1.4.2. Trematodes The following
Page 137 and 138: 34.2.4. Risk estimation Since entry
Page 139 and 140: 35. Mites, lice and fleas 35.1. HAZ
Page 141 and 142: 35.2. RISK ASSESSMENT 35.2.1. Entry
Page 143 and 144: N.B. This measure reflects the curr
Page 145 and 146: Hard ticks (Ixodidae) have a lifecy
Page 147 and 148: 1. Camelids could be treated with p
Page 149 and 150: the Eastern Cape and North-West Pro
Page 151 and 152: The larvae reach maturity about 4-8
Page 153 and 154: exploration, debriding and flushing
Page 155 and 156: a. all animals have been re-examine
Page 157 and 158: 38. Weeds and seeds 38.1. HAZARD ID
Page 159 and 160: edding materials include wood shavi
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