Import risk analysis: Llamas (Lama glama) and alpacas (Vicugna ...

5. Camelids could be subjected to a diagnostic test for VS during the PEQ period and
be protected from insect vectors. In the case of any positive result, all camelids
could be re-tested not less than 14 days subsequently. The results of testing could
indicate that all camelids have negative, stable or declining titres.
References
N.B. This testing option allow serologically positive animals to be eligible for
importation, reflecting IHS requirements for horses.
References marked * were sighted as abstracts in electronic data-bases.
APHIS (2007). Factsheet. Vesicular stomatitis. Available at:
http://www.aphis.usda.gov/publications/animal_health/content/printable_version/fs_vesicular_stomatitis_07.pdf
Braverman Y (1994). Nematocera, Ceratopogonidae, Psychodidae, Simuliidae and Culicidae. Revue
Scientifique et Technique, 13(4), 1175-99.
Bridges VE, McCluskey BJ, Salman MD, Hurd HS, Dick J (1995). Review of the 1995 vesicular stomatitis
outbreak in western United States. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 211(5), 556-60.
CFSPH (2009). The Center for food security and Public Health. Vesicular stomatitis. Available at:
http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/vesicular_stomatitis.pdf
Comer JA, Irby WS, Kavanaugh DM (1994). Hosts of Lutzomyia shannoni (Diptera: Psychodidae) in
relation to vesicular stomatitis virus on Ossabaw Island, Georgia, USA. Medical and Veterinary Entomology,
8(4), 325-30.*
Fowler ME (1992). Infectious diseases. In: Medicine and Surgery of South American Camelids. Second edition.
Blackwell Publishing, USA, pp. 102-32.
Hanson BP, McMillan B (1990). Vesicular stomatitis virus. In: Dinter Z, Morein B (eds), Virus Infections of
Ruminants, Amsterdam, Pp. 381-91.
Howerth EW, Stallknecht DE, Dorminy M, Pisell T, Clarke GR (1997). Experimental vesicular stomatitis in swine:
effects of route of inoculation and steroid treatment. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 9(2), 136-42.
Jimenez AE, CJ, Castro L, Rodriguez L (1996). Serological survey of small mammals in a vesicular
stomatitis virus enzootic area. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 32(2), 274-9.
Letchworth GJ, Rodriguez LL, Del Cbarrera J (1999). Vesicular stomatitis. Veterinary Journal, 157(3), 239-60.*
Mare CJ, Mead DG (2004). Vesicular stomatitis and other vesiculovirus infections. In: Coetzer JAW, Tustin
RC (eds), Infectious Diseases of Livestock, Vol. 2, Oxford University Press, Cape Town, Pp. 1194-8.
Mead DG, Ramberg FB, Besselsen DG, Mare CJ (2000). Transmission of vesicular stomatitis virus from
infected to noninfected blackflies co-feeding on nonviremic deer mice. Science, 287(5452), 485-7.
Nunamaker RA, Perez De Leon AA, Campbell CL, Lonning SM (2000). Oral infection of Culicoides
sonorensis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) by vesicular stomatitis virus. Journal of Medical Entomology, 37(5),
784-6.*
OIE (2009). WAHID Event summary: Vesicular stomatitis, United States of America. Available at:
http://www.oie.int/wahis/public.php?page=event_summary&this_country_code=USA&reportid=8189
62 ● Import risk analysis: Llamas and alpacas from specified countries MAF Biosecurity New Zealand