Import risk analysis: Llamas (Lama glama) and alpacas (Vicugna ...

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Babuik TA, Van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S, Tikoo SK (2004). Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/pustular vulvovaginitis and infectious pustular balnoposthitis. In: JAW Coetzer, RC Tustin (Editors), Infectious Diseases of Livestock. Oxford University Press, Cape Town, pp. 875-886. CDC (2009). Plague. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/plague/, downloaded 9/9/2009. Chiu SY (1984). The epidemiology of bovine ephemeral fever in Taiwan 1984. Taiwan Provincial Research Institute for Animal Health, 23, 41-9.* Corkill MM, Cornere B (1987). Melioidosis: a new disease in New Zealand. New Zealand Medical Journal, 100, 106-7. Cranwell MP, Josephson M, Willoughby K, Marriott L (2008). Louping ill in an alpaca. Veterinary Record, 162(1), 28. Dunowska M, Wilks CR, Studdert MJ, Meers J (2002). Viruses associated with outbreaks of equine respiratory disease in New Zealand. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 50(4), 132-9. Dwan LW, Thompson H, Taylor DJ, Philbey AW (2008). Laryngeal abscessation due to Mannheimia haemolytica in an alpaca (Vicugna pacos) cria. Veterinary Record, 163(4), 124-5. Fowler ME (1992). Chapter 7. Infectious diseases. In: Medicine and Surgery of South American Camelids. Second edition. Blackwell Publishing, USA, Pp. 102-32. Gill J (1992). Anthrax - still history after all these years. Surveillance, 20(1), 21-2. Grzeszczuk A, Stanczak J, Kubica-Biernat B, Racewicz M, Kruminis-Lozowska W, Prokopowicz D (2004). Human anaplasmosis in north-eastern Poland: seroprevalence in humans and prevalence in Ixodes ricinus ticks. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 11(1), 99-103.* Janmaat A, Choy JL, Currie BJ (2004). Melioidosis in an alpaca (Lama pacos). Australian Veterinary Journal, 82(10), 622-3. Julian AF (1992). Infectious respiratory disease of adult horses. Surveillance, 19(2), 18-9. Kutzler MA, Bildfell RJ, Gardner-Graff KK, Baker RJ, Delay JP, Mattson DE (2004). West Nile virus infection in two alpacas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 225(6), 921-4, 880. MAF (1997). Disease risk analysis for the importation of llamas (Lama glama) and alpacas (Lama pacos) into New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand. MAF (2009). Unwanted Organisms Register. http://mafuwsp6.maf.govt.nz/uor/searchframe.htm, downloaded 9/9/2009. Mackereth G (2003). Reaffirming New Zealand's freedom from bovine brucellosis. Surveillance, 30(3), 3-6. Maclachlan NJ, Osburn BI (2004). Epizootic haemorrhagic disease of deer. In: JAW Coetzer, RC Tustin (eds), Infectious Diseases of Livestock, Vol. 2, Oxford University Press, Cape Town. Pp. 1227-30. Mason P, Orr M (1993). Sarcocystosis and hydatidosis in lamoids - diseases we can do without. Surveillance, 20(1), 14. Mattoon JS, Gerros TC, Parker JE, Carter CA, LaMarche RM (1997). Upper airway obstruction in a llama caused by aberrant nasopharyngeal bots (Cephenemyia sp.). Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound, 38(5), 384-6.* McKenna PB (2006). Eimeria macusaniensis in camelids - a brief review. Surveillance, 33(4), 8-10. 14 ● Import risk analysis: Llamas and alpacas from specified countries MAF Biosecurity New Zealand
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Page 1 and 2: Import risk analysis: Llamas (Lama
Page 3 and 4: MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Pastora
Page 5 and 6: CONTENTS Executive Summary 1 1. Int
Page 7 and 8: Acronyms CDC United States Centers
Page 9 and 10: Executive Summary This risk analysi
Page 11 and 12: 1. Introduction The importation of
Page 13 and 14: Figure 1. The risk analysis process
Page 15 and 16: Following public consultation on th
Page 17 and 18: Disease agent Foot and mouth diseas
Page 19 and 20: Disease agent PROTOZOA Eimeria alpa
Page 21: Bacteria, rickettsias and spirochae
Page 25 and 26: 6. African horse sickness virus 6.1
Page 27 and 28: 7. Bluetongue virus 7.1. HAZARD IDE
Page 29 and 30: 8. Borna virus 8.1. HAZARD IDENTIFI
Page 31 and 32: 8.2.2. Risk estimation Since entry
Page 33 and 34: It has been suggested that as many
Page 35 and 36: Therefore, since the the consequenc
Page 37 and 38: Givens MD, Heath AM, Brock KV, Brod
Page 39 and 40: 10. Bovine herpesvirus type 1 10.1.
Page 41 and 42: 10.2.2. Exposure assessment Importe
Page 43 and 44: Bartha A, Haidu G, Aldassy P, Paczo
Page 45 and 46: 11. Epizootic haemorrhagic disease
Page 47 and 48: 12. Eastern equine encephalitis vir
Page 49 and 50: 13. Equine herpesvirus type 1 13.1.
Page 51 and 52: 13.2.2. Exposure assessment Assumin
Page 53 and 54: Davison AJ, Erberle R, Hayward GS,
Page 55 and 56: 1993). According to Fowler (1992),
Page 57 and 58: Veterinary Authorities should requi
Page 59 and 60: 15. Louping-ill virus 15.1. HAZARD
Page 61 and 62: 16. Rabies virus 16.1. HAZARD IDENT
Page 63 and 64: � Rabies is a serious zoonotic di
Page 65 and 66: 17. Vesicular stomatitis virus 17.1
Page 67 and 68: incubation period of the disease. T
Page 69 and 70: quarantined with protection from in
Page 71 and 72: Pharo HJ (1999). Vesicular stomatit
Page 73 and 74:
18.1.5. Hazard identification concl
Page 75 and 76:
necessarily be competent vectors, a
Page 77 and 78:
20. Bacillus anthracis 20.1. HAZARD
Page 79 and 80:
20.3. RISK MANAGEMENT 20.3.1. Optio
Page 81 and 82:
21. Brucella spp. 21.1. HAZARD IDEN
Page 83 and 84:
21.2.4. Risk estimation Since entry
Page 85 and 86:
Gilsdorf MJ, Thoen CO, Temple RM, G
Page 87 and 88:
References References marked * were
Page 89 and 90:
Serological tests include the compl
Page 91 and 92:
with negative results using the com
Page 93 and 94:
24. Coxiella burnetii 24.1. HAZARD
Page 95 and 96:
� Although quarantine is not suit
Page 97 and 98:
25. Leptospira serovars 25.1. HAZAR
Page 99 and 100:
immune response is a low titre that
Page 101 and 102:
Retention of this empty Chapter, wi
Page 103 and 104:
26. Mycobacterium bovis 26.1. HAZAR
Page 105 and 106:
26.3. RISK MANAGEMENT 26.3.1. Optio
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
without any measures for detecting
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Animals become septicaemic a few ho
Page 115 and 116:
29. Salmonella spp. 29.1. HAZARD ID
Page 117 and 118:
animals and sporadic cases of salmo
Page 119 and 120:
Hansen KR, Nielsen LR, Lind P (2006
Page 121 and 122:
Camelidae diseases, or as transmitt
Page 123 and 124:
32. Trypanosoma spp. 32.1. HAZARD I
Page 125 and 126:
T. evansi and T. vivax occur in Sou
Page 127 and 128:
5. Animals to be imported could be
Page 129 and 130:
(Kittelberger et al 2002) and is th
Page 131 and 132:
� The role of an IHS is to specif
Page 133 and 134:
34. Internal parasites 34.1. HAZARD
Page 135 and 136:
34.1.4.2. Trematodes The following
Page 137 and 138:
34.2.4. Risk estimation Since entry
Page 139 and 140:
35. Mites, lice and fleas 35.1. HAZ
Page 141 and 142:
35.2. RISK ASSESSMENT 35.2.1. Entry
Page 143 and 144:
N.B. This measure reflects the curr
Page 145 and 146:
Hard ticks (Ixodidae) have a lifecy
Page 147 and 148:
1. Camelids could be treated with p
Page 149 and 150:
the Eastern Cape and North-West Pro
Page 151 and 152:
The larvae reach maturity about 4-8
Page 153 and 154:
exploration, debriding and flushing
Page 155 and 156:
a. all animals have been re-examine
Page 157 and 158:
38. Weeds and seeds 38.1. HAZARD ID
Page 159 and 160:
edding materials include wood shavi
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