Import risk analysis: Llamas (Lama glama) and alpacas (Vicugna ...

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Gloster J, Sellers RF, Donaldson AI (1982). Long distance spread of foot and mouth disease virus over the sea. Veterinary Record, 110, 47-52. OIE (2009). Terrestrial Animal Health Code. http://www.oie.int/eng/normes/MCode/en_sommaire.htm, downloaded 16/9/2009. Sanson RL (1994). The epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease: Implications for New Zealand. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 42, 41-53. Stanway G, Brown F, Christian P, Hovi T, Hyypia T, King AMQ, Knowles NJ, Lemon SM, Minor PD, Pallansch MA, Palmenberc AC, Skern T (2005). Family Picornaviridae. In: Fauquet CM, Mayo MA, Maniloff J, Desselberger U, Ball LA (eds), Eighth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, Elsevier Academic Press, Amsterdam, Pp. 757-78. The Reserve Bank of New Zealand and the Treasury (2003). The macroeconomic impacts of a foot-andmouth disease outbreak: an information paper for Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. Available at: http://www.rbnz.govt.nz/research/0130346_2.pdf. Accessed 18/01/10. Thompson D, Muriel P, Russell D, Osborne P, Bromley A, Rowland M, Creigh-Tyte S, Brown C (2002). Economic costs of the foot and mouth disease outbreak in the United Kingdom in 2001. Revue Scientifique et Technique, OIE, 21(3), 675-87. Thomson GR, Bastos ADS (2004). Foot and mouth disease. In: Coetzer JAW, Tustin RC (eds), Infectious Diseases of Livestock, Vol. 2, Oxford University Press, Cape Town, Pp. 1324-65. Wernery U, Kaaden O-R (2004). Foot and mouth disease in camelids: a review. Veterinary Journal, 168(2), 134-42. Wernery U, Kaaden O-R (2002). Foot and mouth disease. In: Infectious Diseases in Camelids. Second edition, Blackwell Science, Berlin-Vienna. Pp. 219-24. Yang PC, Chu RM, Chung WB, Sung HT (1999). Epidemiological characteristics and economic costs of the foot and mouth disease epidemic in Taiwan. Veterinary Record, 145(25), 731-4. 50 ● Import risk analysis: Llamas and alpacas from specified countries MAF Biosecurity New Zealand
15. Louping-ill virus 15.1. HAZARD IDENTIFICATION 15.1.1. Aetiological identification Family: Flaviviridae; Genus: Flavivirus; Species: Louping ill virus. British, Irish, Spanish and Turkish subtypes are recognised (Thiel et al 2005). The viruses causing tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) are a closely related group of viruses including the agents of Louping-ill, Central European TBE, Far Eastern TBE, Omsk haemorrhagic fever in Siberia, Kyasanur Forest disease in the Indian subcontinent, Langat in Malaysia, Negishi in Japan, Powassan in North America and parts of Russia, and four viruses from Asia that have no known veterinary or medical significance (Gresikova & Beran 1981; Korenberg & Kovalevskii 1999; Gilbert et al 2000). 15.1.2. OIE list Not listed. 15.1.3. New Zealand status Listed as an unwanted organism (MAF 2009). 15.1.4. Epidemiology Louping-ill is a tick-borne disease that occurs in the United Kingdom. Closely related viruses cause tick-borne encephalitis in various parts of Europe and the USA (Powassan virus). Louping-ill in the United Kingdom is primarily a disease of sheep but other species can be infected. It has been suggested that at least 32 vertebrate species and a wide variety of ticks can be infected with louping-ill virus (Reid 1990). The TBE viruses that occur in Eastern Europe and Russia are primarily pathogens of humans. In Russia, 11,000 cases occur annually and another 3,000 cases occur in the rest of Europe (Gritsun et al 2003a). In animals, transmission of TBE viruses is entirely by ticks (Gresikova & Beran 1981). The main tick vectors are Ixodes ricinius and Ixodes persulcatus, although other tick species may also be involved (Gresikova & Beran 1981; Korenberg & Kovalevskii 1999). Antibody has been demonstrated in, or virus has been isolated from, a wide range of animals including small rodents, wildlife, and domestic animals such as deer and cattle (Swanepoel & Laurenson 2004). TBE viruses of Russia and Eastern Europe are believed to be sustained mainly in a tick/small mammal cycle, although transovarial transmission through multiple generations of ticks also occurs (Gresikova & Beran 1981). In the case of louping-ill, small mammals are probably of lesser importance in maintaining the virus (Gilbert et al 2000). In sheep, louping-ill has an incubation period of 2-5 days. In experimental infection of sheep and goats viraemia lasts 1-5 days and shedding of virus in milk 2-7 days (Gresikova & Beran 1981). The disease has been described in camelids in the United Kingdom (Macaldowie et al 2005; Cranwell et al 2008). Detailed studies in this species have not been carried out and information must be extrapolated from data from sheep. MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Import risk analysis: Llamas and alpacas from specified countries ● 51
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Import risk analysis: Llamas (Lama
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MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Pastora
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CONTENTS Executive Summary 1 1. Int
Page 7 and 8: Acronyms CDC United States Centers
Page 9 and 10: Executive Summary This risk analysi
Page 11 and 12: 1. Introduction The importation of
Page 13 and 14: Figure 1. The risk analysis process
Page 15 and 16: Following public consultation on th
Page 17 and 18: Disease agent Foot and mouth diseas
Page 19 and 20: Disease agent PROTOZOA Eimeria alpa
Page 21 and 22: Bacteria, rickettsias and spirochae
Page 23 and 24: McKenna PB (2009). An updated check
Page 25 and 26: 6. African horse sickness virus 6.1
Page 27 and 28: 7. Bluetongue virus 7.1. HAZARD IDE
Page 29 and 30: 8. Borna virus 8.1. HAZARD IDENTIFI
Page 31 and 32: 8.2.2. Risk estimation Since entry
Page 33 and 34: It has been suggested that as many
Page 35 and 36: Therefore, since the the consequenc
Page 37 and 38: Givens MD, Heath AM, Brock KV, Brod
Page 39 and 40: 10. Bovine herpesvirus type 1 10.1.
Page 41 and 42: 10.2.2. Exposure assessment Importe
Page 43 and 44: Bartha A, Haidu G, Aldassy P, Paczo
Page 45 and 46: 11. Epizootic haemorrhagic disease
Page 47 and 48: 12. Eastern equine encephalitis vir
Page 49 and 50: 13. Equine herpesvirus type 1 13.1.
Page 51 and 52: 13.2.2. Exposure assessment Assumin
Page 53 and 54: Davison AJ, Erberle R, Hayward GS,
Page 55 and 56: 1993). According to Fowler (1992),
Page 57: Veterinary Authorities should requi
Page 61 and 62: 16. Rabies virus 16.1. HAZARD IDENT
Page 63 and 64: � Rabies is a serious zoonotic di
Page 65 and 66: 17. Vesicular stomatitis virus 17.1
Page 67 and 68: incubation period of the disease. T
Page 69 and 70: quarantined with protection from in
Page 71 and 72: Pharo HJ (1999). Vesicular stomatit
Page 73 and 74: 18.1.5. Hazard identification concl
Page 75 and 76: necessarily be competent vectors, a
Page 77 and 78: 20. Bacillus anthracis 20.1. HAZARD
Page 79 and 80: 20.3. RISK MANAGEMENT 20.3.1. Optio
Page 81 and 82: 21. Brucella spp. 21.1. HAZARD IDEN
Page 83 and 84: 21.2.4. Risk estimation Since entry
Page 85 and 86: Gilsdorf MJ, Thoen CO, Temple RM, G
Page 87 and 88: References References marked * were
Page 89 and 90: Serological tests include the compl
Page 91 and 92: with negative results using the com
Page 93 and 94: 24. Coxiella burnetii 24.1. HAZARD
Page 95 and 96: � Although quarantine is not suit
Page 97 and 98: 25. Leptospira serovars 25.1. HAZAR
Page 99 and 100: immune response is a low titre that
Page 101 and 102: Retention of this empty Chapter, wi
Page 103 and 104: 26. Mycobacterium bovis 26.1. HAZAR
Page 105 and 106: 26.3. RISK MANAGEMENT 26.3.1. Optio
Page 107 and 108: References References marked * were
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without any measures for detecting
Page 111 and 112:
References References marked * were
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Animals become septicaemic a few ho
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29. Salmonella spp. 29.1. HAZARD ID
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animals and sporadic cases of salmo
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Hansen KR, Nielsen LR, Lind P (2006
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Camelidae diseases, or as transmitt
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32. Trypanosoma spp. 32.1. HAZARD I
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T. evansi and T. vivax occur in Sou
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5. Animals to be imported could be
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(Kittelberger et al 2002) and is th
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� The role of an IHS is to specif
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34. Internal parasites 34.1. HAZARD
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34.1.4.2. Trematodes The following
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34.2.4. Risk estimation Since entry
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35. Mites, lice and fleas 35.1. HAZ
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35.2. RISK ASSESSMENT 35.2.1. Entry
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N.B. This measure reflects the curr
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Hard ticks (Ixodidae) have a lifecy
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1. Camelids could be treated with p
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the Eastern Cape and North-West Pro
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The larvae reach maturity about 4-8
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exploration, debriding and flushing
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a. all animals have been re-examine
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38. Weeds and seeds 38.1. HAZARD ID
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edding materials include wood shavi
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