Import risk analysis: Llamas (Lama glama) and alpacas (Vicugna ...

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References References marked * were sighted as abstracts in electronic data-bases. Aguirre DH, Cafrune MM, Guglielmone AA (2000). Experimental infestation of llamas (Lama glama) with Boophilus microplus (Acari:Ixodidae). Experimental and Applied Acarology, 24(8), 661-4.* Allan SA (2001). Ticks (Class Arachnida: Order Acarina). In: Samuel WM, Pybus MP, Kocan AA (eds) Parasitic Diseases of Wild Mammals, Manson Publishing Ltd, London. Pp. 72-106. Barlough JE, Madigan JE, Turoff DR, Clover JR, Shelly SM, Dumler JS (1997). An Ehrlichia strain from a llama (Lama glama) and Llama-associated ticks (Ixodes pacificus). Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 35(4), 1005-7. Cebra CK, Garry FB, Cebra ML (1996). Tick Paralysis in eight NWCs. Veterinary Medicine, 91(7), 673-6.* Chigerwe M, Middleton JR, Pardo I, Johnson GC, Peters J (2005). Spinose ear ticks and brain abscessation in an alpaca (Lama pacos). Journal of Camel Practice and Research, 12(2), 145-7.* Fowler ME (1992). Chapter 8. Parasites. In: Medicine and Surgery of South American Camelids. Second edition. Blackwell Publishing, USA, pp. 132-65. Guglielmone AA, Romero J, M. VJ, Nava S, Mangold AJ, Villa vicenzio J (2005). First record of Haemaphysallis juxtakochi Cooley, 1946 (Acari: ixodidae) from Peru. Systematic and applied Acarolagy, 10, 33-5.* Heath ACG (2001). Exotic tick interception 1980-2000. Surveillance, 28(4):13-15. James-Rugu NN, Jidayi S (2004). A survey on the ectoparasites of some livestock from areas of Borno and Yobestates. Nigerian Veterinary Journal, 25(2), 48-55.* Jongejan E, Uilenberg G (1994). Ticks and tick control methods. Revue Scientifique et Technique. OIE, 13(4), 1201-20. Jonsson NN, Davis R, De Witt M (2001). An estimate of the economic effects of cattle tick (Boophilus microplus) infestation on Queensland dairy farms. Australian Veterinary Journal, 79(12), 826-31. Jonsson NN, Mayer DG, Green PE (2000). Possible risk factors on Queensland dairy farms for acaricide resistance in cattle tick (Boophilus microplus). Veterinary Parasitology, 88(1-2), 79-92.* Lawai MD, Ameh IG, Ahmed A (2007). Some ectoparasites of Camelus dromedarius in Sokoto, Nigeria. Journal of Entomology, 4(2), 143-8.* Li AY, Davey RB, Miller RJ, George JE (2003). Resistance to coumaphos and diazinon in Boophilus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) and evidence for the involvement of an oxidative detoxification mechanism. Journal of Medical Entomology, 40(4), 482-90.* Li AY, Davey RB, Miller RJ, George JE (2004). Detection and characterization of amitraz resistance in the southern cattle tick, Boophilus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 41(2), 193-200.* Loftis AD, Reeves WK, Szumlas De, Ambassy MM, Helmy IM, Moriarty JR, Dasch GA (2006). Rickettsial agents in Egyptian ticks collected from domestic animals. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 40(1), 67-81.* Mekonnen S, Bryson NR, Fourie LJ, Peter RJ, Spickett AM, Taylor RJ, Strydom T, Horak IG (2002). Acaricide resistance profiles of single- and multi-host ticks from communal and commercial farming areas in 140 ● Import risk analysis: Llamas and alpacas from specified countries MAF Biosecurity New Zealand
the Eastern Cape and North-West Provinces of South Africa. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 69(2), 99-105. Norval RAI, Horak IG (2004). Vectors: Ticks. In: Coetzer JAW, Tustin RC (eds) Infectious Diseases of Livestock, Vol. 1, Oxford University Press, Cape Town. Pp. 3-42. Peralta JL, Gervasoni S, Ferraro MDC, Pazo R, Viana Fuentes LG (1994). Isolation of Amblyomma parvitarsum in llamas in Catamarca, Argentina, first communication. Veterinaria Argentina, 11(105), 327-31.* Wernery U, Kaaden O-R (2002a). Ticks found on camelids. In: Infectious Diseases in Camelids. Second edition. Blackwell Science, Berlin-Vienna. Pp. 324-8. Wernery U, Kaaden O-R (2002b). Infestations with ectoparasites. In: Infectious Diseases in Camelids. Second edition, Blackwell Science, Berlin-Vienna. Pp. 312-46. MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Import risk analysis: Llamas and alpacas from specified countries ● 141
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Import risk analysis: Llamas (Lama
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MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Pastora
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CONTENTS Executive Summary 1 1. Int
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Acronyms CDC United States Centers
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Executive Summary This risk analysi
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1. Introduction The importation of
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Figure 1. The risk analysis process
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Following public consultation on th
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Disease agent Foot and mouth diseas
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Disease agent PROTOZOA Eimeria alpa
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Bacteria, rickettsias and spirochae
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McKenna PB (2009). An updated check
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6. African horse sickness virus 6.1
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7. Bluetongue virus 7.1. HAZARD IDE
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8. Borna virus 8.1. HAZARD IDENTIFI
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8.2.2. Risk estimation Since entry
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It has been suggested that as many
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Therefore, since the the consequenc
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Givens MD, Heath AM, Brock KV, Brod
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10. Bovine herpesvirus type 1 10.1.
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10.2.2. Exposure assessment Importe
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Bartha A, Haidu G, Aldassy P, Paczo
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11. Epizootic haemorrhagic disease
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12. Eastern equine encephalitis vir
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13. Equine herpesvirus type 1 13.1.
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13.2.2. Exposure assessment Assumin
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Davison AJ, Erberle R, Hayward GS,
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1993). According to Fowler (1992),
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Veterinary Authorities should requi
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15. Louping-ill virus 15.1. HAZARD
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16. Rabies virus 16.1. HAZARD IDENT
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� Rabies is a serious zoonotic di
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17. Vesicular stomatitis virus 17.1
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incubation period of the disease. T
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quarantined with protection from in
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Pharo HJ (1999). Vesicular stomatit
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18.1.5. Hazard identification concl
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necessarily be competent vectors, a
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20. Bacillus anthracis 20.1. HAZARD
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20.3. RISK MANAGEMENT 20.3.1. Optio
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21. Brucella spp. 21.1. HAZARD IDEN
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21.2.4. Risk estimation Since entry
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Gilsdorf MJ, Thoen CO, Temple RM, G
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References References marked * were
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Serological tests include the compl
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with negative results using the com
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24. Coxiella burnetii 24.1. HAZARD
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� Although quarantine is not suit
Page 97 and 98: 25. Leptospira serovars 25.1. HAZAR
Page 99 and 100: immune response is a low titre that
Page 101 and 102: Retention of this empty Chapter, wi
Page 103 and 104: 26. Mycobacterium bovis 26.1. HAZAR
Page 105 and 106: 26.3. RISK MANAGEMENT 26.3.1. Optio
Page 107 and 108: References References marked * were
Page 109 and 110: without any measures for detecting
Page 111 and 112: References References marked * were
Page 113 and 114: Animals become septicaemic a few ho
Page 115 and 116: 29. Salmonella spp. 29.1. HAZARD ID
Page 117 and 118: animals and sporadic cases of salmo
Page 119 and 120: Hansen KR, Nielsen LR, Lind P (2006
Page 121 and 122: Camelidae diseases, or as transmitt
Page 123 and 124: 32. Trypanosoma spp. 32.1. HAZARD I
Page 125 and 126: T. evansi and T. vivax occur in Sou
Page 127 and 128: 5. Animals to be imported could be
Page 129 and 130: (Kittelberger et al 2002) and is th
Page 131 and 132: � The role of an IHS is to specif
Page 133 and 134: 34. Internal parasites 34.1. HAZARD
Page 135 and 136: 34.1.4.2. Trematodes The following
Page 137 and 138: 34.2.4. Risk estimation Since entry
Page 139 and 140: 35. Mites, lice and fleas 35.1. HAZ
Page 141 and 142: 35.2. RISK ASSESSMENT 35.2.1. Entry
Page 143 and 144: N.B. This measure reflects the curr
Page 145 and 146: Hard ticks (Ixodidae) have a lifecy
Page 147: 1. Camelids could be treated with p
Page 151 and 152: The larvae reach maturity about 4-8
Page 153 and 154: exploration, debriding and flushing
Page 155 and 156: a. all animals have been re-examine
Page 157 and 158: 38. Weeds and seeds 38.1. HAZARD ID
Page 159 and 160: edding materials include wood shavi
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