Import risk analysis: Llamas (Lama glama) and alpacas (Vicugna ...
Import risk analysis: Llamas (Lama glama) and alpacas (Vicugna ...
Import risk analysis: Llamas (Lama glama) and alpacas (Vicugna ...
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� In addition, organisms that occur in New Zeal<strong>and</strong> for which there are known subspecies<br />
or strains or host associations that do not occur in New Zeal<strong>and</strong> but do<br />
occur in an exporting country <strong>and</strong> are potentially harmful.<br />
� Organisms that occur in New Zeal<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> an exporting country <strong>and</strong> for which an<br />
eradication programme administered by a Pest Management Strategy under the<br />
Biosecurity Act is in place. However, measures taken to prevent entry of the<br />
organism must not be more stringent than the measures adopted in the control<br />
programme for the eradication of the disease.<br />
� Diseases that are of concern to human health.<br />
Disease agents are not preliminary hazards if:<br />
� After exhaustive searching no evidence is found that they are able to infect<br />
camelids or that they act as potential carriers of the pathogen concerned.<br />
� The disease agent is known to occur in New Zeal<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> does not meet the criteria<br />
defined above for classification as a preliminary hazard.<br />
Table 1. Organisms of potential concern<br />
Disease agent<br />
Viruses<br />
OIE<br />
Listed<br />
Zoonotic Disease or<br />
potential<br />
carrier<br />
Present in<br />
NZ<br />
Present in<br />
any relevant<br />
country<br />
Adenovirus No No Yes Yes (MAF 1997) Yes<br />
(AQIS 2000)<br />
No<br />
African horse sickness<br />
virus<br />
Yes No Yes (OIE 2009b) No No (OIE 2009b) Yes+<br />
Bluetongue virus Yes No<br />
Borna disease virus No No<br />
Bovine viral diarrhoea virus Yes No<br />
Bovine herpesvirus type 1 No No<br />
Yes (OIE 2009c;<br />
OIE 2009a)<br />
Yes (Wernery &<br />
Kaaden 2002b)<br />
Yes (Puntel1997;<br />
Puntel et al 2002)<br />
Yes (Thedford &<br />
Johnson 1989)<br />
Preliminary<br />
hazard<br />
8 ● <strong>Import</strong> <strong>risk</strong> <strong>analysis</strong>: <strong>Llamas</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>alpacas</strong> from specified countries MAF Biosecurity New Zeal<strong>and</strong><br />
No<br />
No<br />
Some strains<br />
Some strains<br />
Yes<br />
(OIE 2009b)<br />
Yes (Wernery &<br />
Kaaden 2002b)<br />
Exotic strains<br />
(Potgieter 2004)<br />
Exotic strains<br />
(Babuik et al<br />
2004)<br />
Camelpox virus No No Yes (OIE 2009a) No No (OIE 2009b) No<br />
Contagious ecthyma virus No Yes Yes Yes (MAF 1997) Yes No<br />
Crimean Congo<br />
haemorrhagic fever virus<br />
Ephemeral fever virus No No No (Chiu 1984) No<br />
Epizootic haemorrhagic<br />
disease virus<br />
Equine herpesvirus type 1<br />
(Equine rhinopneumonitis)<br />
Eastern, Western <strong>and</strong><br />
Venezuelan equine<br />
encephalomyelitis viruses<br />
Yes Yes Yes (OIE 2009a) No No (OIE 2009b) No<br />
No No Yes (OIE 2009a) No<br />
Yes No<br />
Yes Yes<br />
Yes (Thedford &<br />
Johnson 1989)<br />
Yes for EEEV only<br />
(Nolen-Watson et al<br />
2007)<br />
Yes (Julian<br />
1992; Dunowska<br />
et al 2002)<br />
Yes (St George<br />
2004)<br />
Yes (The Center<br />
for Food Security<br />
<strong>and</strong> Public Health<br />
2006; Maclachlan<br />
& Osburn 2004)<br />
Yes (OIE 2009b;<br />
Allen et al 2004)<br />
No Yes (OIE 2009b)<br />
Yes<br />
Yes<br />
Yes<br />
Yes<br />
No<br />
Yes<br />
Yes #<br />
Yes for EEEV<br />
only
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